On 22 October, Argentina held its general elections with a turnout of 77.7 per cent (with compulsory voting from the age of 18). Peronist Economy Minister Sergio Massa and Javier Milei emerged as the leading presidential candidates, earning 36.7 per cent and 30 per cent of votes, respectively. Patricia Bullrich underperformed and was eliminated from the presidential race, securing only 23.8 per cent of the votes. The two frontrunners will face each other in a run-off on 19 November.

Oman conducted general elections on 29 October to elect 90 members to the Majlis Al-Shura Council for its tenth term, spanning 2023 to 2027. There were a total of 843 candidates, including 32 women. The elections saw a record turnout of 65.9 per cent, with more than 753,000 registered voters casting their ballots across the country. The early voting statistics showed a balanced gender participation, with 13.55 per cent male and 10.39 per cent female voters.

The conservative National Party defeated the incumbent Labour Party in New Zealand’s 2023 general election on 14 October. Although Labour lost half of its seats and media described the election as a “landslide”, the National Party still needed to secure the support of smaller parties to build a government. Voter turnout was 78 per cent, roughly in line with other recent elections. Official data on gender balance was not yet available due to the pending by-election in the constituency of Port Waikato on 25 November 2023.

On 22 October, Switzerland held federal elections to elect all members of the National Council (the lower parliamentary house with a total of 200 seats) and the Council of States (the smaller, upper house with 46 seats). The right-wing Swiss People’s Party (SVP) won the greatest vote share in the lower house (27.9 per cent translating to 62 seats). This was followed by the Social Democratic party (SP) with 18.3 per cent of the vote and 41 seats.

In general elections held on 8 October, a total of seven parties passed the required threshold to be represented in Parliament. All 60 seats of the Chamber of Deputies, Luxembourg’s unicameral legislature, were contested. The opposition Christian Social Party (CSV) won the greatest vote share (29.2 per cent), securing 21 seats in the legislature. Ruling coalition members, the Democratic Party (DP) and the Socialist party (LSAP), followed behind with 18.7 per cent (14 seats) and with 18.91 per cent of the vote (11 seats) respectively.

Following parliamentary elections held on 15 October, the incumbent Law and Justice (PiS) party won the largest share of the vote (35.4 per cent), but it was unable to hold onto its majority in Parliament. All seats in both houses of Parliament (the Sejm and the Senate) were contested. The main opposition party, Civic Platform (KO), came second with 30.7 per cent of the vote and 157 seats. Its two likely coalition partners, Third Way (Trzecia Droga) and The Left (Lewica) finished with 14.4 per cent of the vote (65 seats) and 8.6 per cent (26 seats) respectively.

On 14 October, Australian voters decisively rejected a proposal (via referendum) to recognise Indigenous people in the constitution and to establish a First Nations voice in parliament. Voter turnout was at 89.95 per cent. The outcome maintains the status quo for representation of Indigenous communities and has been described by experts as a significant setback for Indigenous rights in the nation.

General elections were held in Liberia on 11 October. Voters chose all the members of the House of Representatives, half the members of the Senate, and also voted in the first round of the presidential election. Turnout was 79 per cent of registered voters, up from 72 per cent in 2017. Incumbent President George Weah of the Coalition for Democratic Change (CDC) was slightly ahead in the first round with 43.8 per cent support, closely followed by Joseph Boakai of the Unity Party (UP) who received 43.4 per cent of the votes.

The populist left-wing Smer party led by former Prime Minister Robert Fico won early parliamentary elections, held on 30 September. Smer won 22.94 per cent of the vote and 42 of the 150 seats in the country’s unicameral Parliament. A total of seven parties will be represented in Parliament. Progressive Slovakia (PS) came in second place with 17.96 per cent of the vote and 32 seats, winning 61.7 per cent of the record-high overseas vote. The centre-left Hlas party, an offshoot from the Smer party, placed third with 27 seats, followed by the OL’aNO party with 16 seats.

In Senatorial elections held on 24 September, the Les Républicains party, together with its centre-right allies, held on to its dominant position in the Senate. President Macron faced further setbacks in the legislature, after his party lost its majority in the lower house in June 2022. Sonia Backès, the only member of government with a contested seat in the election, was defeated in New Caledonia by a pro-independence candidate, and subsequently offered her resignation from her post as Secretary of State of Citizenship.