Thailand
Thailand exhibits low-range performance across two categories of the Global State of Democracy Framework: Rights and Rule of Law; it performs in the mid-range in Representation and Participation. It is among the bottom 25 per cent of countries in Freedom of Expression, Access to Justice and Predictable Enforcement, among other factors.. Over the last five years, Thailand has experienced declines in Freedom of Movement and Economic Equality, but advances in several factors of Representation and Freedom of Expression, largely due to openings preceding the 2023 election. It is home to Southeast Asia’s second largest economy, relying on diverse industries, including tourism, export-oriented manufacturing, and agricultural products.
Unlike its neighbours, Thailand was never directly colonized. It was ruled by an absolute monarchy until 1932, when a revolution resulted in a constitutional monarchy. Since then, the country has alternated between military and civilian rule, and the military, the economic elite and the monarchy remain closely interlinked. Over the past decade, significant developments include the 2014 military coup that ended a period of democratization (1992-2006) and the opening of political and civic space since 2018. Since 2014, Thailand had been under military rule, which exerted total control of the political process thanks to a tailor-made constitution designed to cement the armed forces’ grip on power. Protests in 2020-2021 demanded restraining the power of the military and, for the first time in modern Thailand, of the monarch. Military rule and the King’s support of the former remain the main obstacles for democratization. The 2023 election signaled a potential turning point, as opposition parties emerged victorious. However, conservative and military influences persist in shaping the political landscape, exemplified by the dissolution of the main opposition party in 2024. .
The dominant ethnic group is Thai (98 per cent), followed by Burmese (1 per cent) and other groups, including Chinese and Malay Muslim minorities. Chinese minorities play an influential role in business and politics. Separately, some Malay Muslims have influenced dynamics in the South, where separatist tensions exist. Yet, Thai nationalism and assimilation have – to a certain extent - diluted the differences amongst the various communities. In November 2024, Thailand approved a resolution to fast-track permanent residency and citizenship for approximately one million stateless persons, primarily from ethnic minorities and hill tribes. The country is largely Theravada Buddhist, except in the southern regions, where Sunni Islam is predominant. Throughout the twentieth century, the South experienced intermittent violence, with separatist groups challenging central authority. At the beginning of the 2000s, these tensions resurged as armed groups with more Salafist-oriented demands gained more power. The conflict remains unresolved, although attempts at negotiation have occurred in recent years.
Despite constitutional protections and advancements in gender equality within health, education and workforce participation, challenges remain in addressing gender-based violence, wage gaps and low female representation in politics. In June 2024, Thailand became the first country in Southeast Asia to legalize same-sex marriage.
Looking ahead, it will be important to watch Rights, especially as the country continues to grapple with restrictions on the freedom of expression related to the royal defamation law. Rule of Law and Representation will also need monitoring in line with ongoing efforts to amend the 2017 military-drafted constitution with a more democratic one – a process potentially requiring three referendums. Additionally, Free Political Parties will also need monitoring amid persistent efforts to undermine the opposition.
Last updated: June 2025
https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/
February 2025
Thailand forcibly deports forty Uyghurs to China
On 27 February, Thai authorities deported at least 40 Uyghur detainees to China after having detained them for over a decade. The decision has been widely condemned by rights experts and the United Nations, citing concern that those forcibly returned face a high risk of torture, prolonged detention and ill-treatment by the Chinese government. The 40 Uyghurs were among a group of 300 Uyghurs apprehended by Thai authorities for illegal entry in 2014, after fleeing persecution and discrimination in China’s Xinjiang region. Many of those detained in 2014 were subsequently deported in 2015. The UNHCHR stated that it had repeatedly requested access to the detainees in Thailand and had received assurances that they would not be forcibly returned. Conversely, the Thai government maintains that the deportations were carried out in accordance with international standards and that Chinese authorities had assured them individuals would be properly treated.
Sources: Human Rights Watch, Bangkok Post, UN News, ICJ
Former opposition members face lifetime ban from politics
In February, the National Anti-Corruption Commission announced plans to indict 44 former Member of Parliaments (MPs) from the now-dissolved Move Forward Party (MFP) for sponsoring a bill in parliament to reform Thailand’s lese majesty law. Among them, 25 are now part of MFP’s successor, the People’s Party. If found guilty, they could face a lifetime ban from politics. The indictment comes after the Constitutional Court dissolved MFP in August 2024. The accused MPs maintain that their support for amending the lese majesty was legal, emphasizing that lawmakers have the authority to propose new laws. The commission will now question the 44 MPS before referring the case to the Supreme Court or public prosecutors.
Sources: Human Rights Watch, The diplomat, Bangkok Post, Thai PBS, International IDEA
January 2025
Government invests in transgender health
In January, Thailand’s Public Health Ministry allocated approximately THB 145 million (USD 4.3 million) to the National Health Security Office to provide health services, including hormone therapy, to around 200,000 transgender individuals. Deputy Government Spokesperson Anukool Pruksanusak stated that this initiative aligns with the government’s marriage equality policy and aims to reduce health disparities by providing free services. Previously, transgender individuals were required to pay for these services themselves, which health experts warned led to people using hormones without medical supervision.
Sources: Bangkok Post, Human Rights Watch, Thaiger
November 2024
Thailand moves to end statelessness for almost 500,000 people
On 1 November, the Thai cabinet approved a resolution to accelerate pathways to permanent residency and citizenship. Out of the almost 600,000 people registered as stateless in Thailand, approximately 483,000 people are set to benefit from this regulation, including 142,000 children born in Thailand. Most of them belong to ethnic minorities or hill tribes that have been eligible for citizenship for a long time without obtaining it due to bureaucratic inefficiencies, though the new resolution applies to all that are registered as stateless. Stateless people face problems with rights protections and basic services such as healthcare, education and legal protection. With Thailand previously being one of the countries with the most stateless people in the world according to UNICEF, the new legislation marks an important step for stateless people in securing their rights.
Update: The Thai government announced in March 2025 that it aims to register one million stateless individuals within the next two years as part of its policy to accelerate the process of these individuals obtaining legal status and becoming Thai citizens.
Sources: UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), UN News, UNICEF, Bangkok Post (1), Bangkok Post (2)
August 2024
Constitutional Court dissolves opposition party and ousts prime minister
On 7 August, Thailand’s Constitutional Court dissolved the 2023 election-winning opposition Move Forward Party (MFP), on the grounds that its campaign to reform the royal defamation law amounts to an attempt to “overthrow the monarchy.” The Court simultaneously banned eleven party leaders from politics for ten years. The United Nations, European Union and rights activists have widely criticized the dissolution. On 9 August, 143 remaining MFP lawmakers regrouped as the People’s Party– appointing Natthaphong Ruengpanyawut as the party’s leader. On 14 August, the same Court ordered Prime Minister Srettha Thavisin to step down in a separate ethics violation case, prompting the ruling Pheu Thai Party to nominate Paetongtarn Shinawatra as the new prime minister. Legal experts have condemned both rulings as disproportionate and politically motivated, criticizing the Court for overstepping its powers and weakening the country’s system of checks and balances.
Sources: International IDEA, Human Rights Watch, East Asia Forum, The Bangkok Post, United Nations, BBC News
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Global ranking per category of democratic performance in 2024
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