
Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone exhibits mid-range performance in three categories of the Global State of Democracy (GSoD) framework (Rights, Rule of Law, and Representation) but is in the high-range in Participation. Compared to 2019, there have been significant advances in Economic Equality and significant declines in several aspects of Representation. It is a low-income country, ranked among the ten lowest countries globally for human development. The economy relies principally on subsistence agriculture and the production of diamonds, gold, and iron ore.
Prior to colonization by the British in the late 18th century, Sierra Leone was home to a diverse array of polities and an important trading hub. Colonial rule was highly extractive and left the country with a distorted economy and a weak state, particularly outside the capital Freetown. In these areas, colonizers governed indirectly through the chiefs (who remain politically powerful). The institutionalization of chiefly power patrimonialised the state and reinforced the salience of ethnicity. After independence in 1961, the country gained some experience of democracy with a two-party system developing between the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) and the All People’s Congress (APC). The 1960s were marked by a series of coups and mutinies, leading to a one-party APC state in 1978. During the subsequent decades, political oppression, poor state governance and corruption perpetuated poverty, inequality, and ethno-regionalism.
Between 1991 and 2002, Sierra Leone suffered a brutal civil war that claimed tens of thousands of lives and displaced a third of the population. The war, fueled by competition over diamond wealth and Liberian military assistance, saw the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) and other armed groups fight for control. After the war, public safety and security improved, and multiparty democracy returned. Politics has since been dominated by the APC and the SLPP. Following the contested June 2023 parliamentary elections, political tensions have run high, culminating in allegations of a coup attempt in November 2023.
Ethno-regionalism is a key driver of politics in Sierra Leone and the basis of its two-party system, with the SLPP drawing its support principally from the Mende-dominated south and the APC from the Temne-dominated north. The patrimonialism practiced by both parties has increasingly polarized the country along this cleavage, with each party accusing the other of corruption and ethnic favouritism in the allocation of state jobs and resources. Patrimonialism has also contributed to the sense of exclusion among those outside patronage networks, particularly the youth, who are economically and socially marginalized and in 2022 led violent protests over the cost of living. Sierra Leone is religiously diverse, with a Muslim majority and a Christian minority generally coexisting peacefully, though tensions occasionally arise.
Sierra Leone is a mid-performer on the GSoD’s measure of Gender Equality and despite legal protections, women continue to face widespread gender-based violence and hold few parliamentary seats. LGBTQIA+ people face discrimination, and consensual same-sex conduct is criminalized.
Looking ahead, it will be important to monitor Credible Elections, as progress is made towards the implementation of electoral reforms recommended in the wake of the 2023 elections. The continued polarization of the country along party and ethno-regional lines means it will remain important to monitor its performance on Political Equality, Free Political Parties and Effective Parliament. Polarization is also likely to continue to shape confidence in democratic institutions.
Last updated: July 2025
https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/
December 2024
Suspended Auditor General removed from office
On 20 December, Sierra Leone’s parliament voted to remove from office the country’s Auditor General, Lara Taylor-Pearce and her deputy, Tamba Momoh, completing a process that began in 2021. Taylor-Pearce, who had served as Auditor General since 2011, had a reputation as a highly independent investigator and her office was regarded by many as one of Sierra Leone’s most effective state institutions. In November 2021, however, she and Momoh were suspended by President Bio for ‘professional misconduct’ and a ‘lack of professional performance’ over their audit of an overseas medical trip he took. The charges were confirmed and their dismissal recommended by a judicial tribunal following hearings that were criticised by civil society for a lack of due process and evidence. The tribunal also recommended the establishment of a mechanism for monitoring and disciplining the Auditor-General, a proposal that analysts fear would undermine the office’s constitutionally protected independence.
Sources: The Sierra Leone Telegraph (1), The Sierra Leone Telegraph (2), Africa Confidential, Analysis of the Report of the Tribunal on the Auditor-General and Deputy Auditor-General, Democracy in Africa.
June 2024
Sierra Leone’s parliament passes legislation banning child marriage
On 20 June, Sierra Leone’s parliament passed a bill banning child marriage. Child marriage is a long-standing and widespread problem in the country, where 30 per cent of girls and 4 per cent of boys are married before the age of 18, with rates reported to be even higher in rural areas. Girls affected by the practice suffer a range of damaging impacts, including diminished access to education, health problems and greater vulnerability to domestic violence. The Prohibition of Child Marriage Bill criminalises marriage for anyone under the age of 18 and creates a number of related offences, including conducting a child marriage, promoting child marriage and attending a child marriage. Amongst other things, it also automatically voids child marriages contracted after the law’s enactment and provides for the safeguarding and care of child marriage victims. The bill was signed into law by President Julius Maada Bio on 2 July.
Sources: Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2024, Office of the First Lady, Human Rights Watch, Save the Children, The State House
January 2024
Former president charged with treason following alleged coup attempt
On 3 January, four charges were filed against former president Ernest Bai Koroma, including treason, misprision of treason and the crime of “harbouring”. Charges were also filed against eleven others on the same day, including one person who had been a bodyguard to Mr. Koroma. The charges relate to an outbreak of violence in November 2023, in which hundreds of inmates were freed from the central prison in Freetown, and 18 members of the security services were killed. The government described the violence as an attempted coup d’état. The charges, and the allegations of an attempted coup, follow on from the disputed election result in June 2023, in which current President Julius Maada Bio’s Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP) was declared the winner of the elections (by the Electoral Commission for Sierra Leone) over Dr Samura Kamara, the candidate of the All People’s Congress (APC), the party of former president Koroma. The election appeared to fall short of international standards for electoral integrity.
Sources: Africa News, British Broadcasting Corporation, Deutsche Welle
November 2023
Government declares attacks on barracks and prison a coup attempt
In what Sierra Leone’s Information Minister described as an attempted coup, on 26 November, gunmen in the country’s capital Freetown attacked military barracks and a prison before being overwhelmed by the security forces. On 28 November it was reported that 20 people had been killed in the fighting and that almost 2,000 inmates had escaped. The government blamed the attack on ‘renegade soldiers’ but did not identify the coup leaders. Political tensions in the country have been high since its disputed general election in June and in August a number of soldiers were arrested in connection with an alleged coup plot.
Sources: Africa Confidential, Politico SL, Reuters, British Broadcasting Corporation, The Sierra Leone Telegraph, The Africa Report
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Global ranking per category of democratic performance in 2024
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