Ethiopia
Ethiopia performs at the low level with regard to Representation and Rule of Law and at the mid-range level in Rights and Participation. After decades of authoritarian rule, the election of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed in 2018 appeared to set the country on a liberalizing trajectory. Over the last five years, Ethiopia has seen significant gains in factors across all four categories of the Global State of Democracy framework, due largely to Abiy’s post-2018 reforms. These advances, however, were reversed by the ongoing civil war which erupted in November 2020 and is being fought between forces loyal to Ahmed’s government and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front, an ethnic paramilitary group based in the northern region of Tigray. Ethiopia has one of Africa’s fastest-growing economies but is a low-income country, with many of its citizens living below the poverty line. While living standards have improved in recent years, the country is still hampered by development shortfalls.
The only African country to have successfully resisted European colonization, Ethiopia is unencumbered by postcolonial dynamics. However, tensions with Eritrea, which until its independence in 1991 had been a part of Ethiopia, have been a driver of instability in the country, including the Eritrean-Ethiopian Border War (1998-2000) and the current civil war. Crucially, Ethiopia is a multi-ethnic and religiously diverse state; the largest ethnic groups are the Oromo, Amhara, Somali, and Tigray peoples, while the most commonly practiced religions are Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, Islam, and Protestantism. The politicization of these divides have led to several ethnic-based conflicts and contestations over fundamental issues of history and the nature of federalism, and this includes the current civil war. In the first three decades, Tigrayan elites played the leading role in the federal government, despite only representing about 6 per cent of the population. The current conflict was partly sparked by changes that reduced Tigrayan political influence at the national level and led to the departure of Tigrayan politicians from the new governing coalition. In the process, Prime Minister Ahmed, the first Oromo leader in the modern era, has been accused of persecuting Tigrayans. These events have bolstered debates surrounding the federalization versus centralization of political power, and ways of addressing social diversity and democratization. Notably, contestations within and between Amhara and Oromo linguistic groups pose a systemic long-term challenge, both to prospects of stability and democratization.
During the course of the civil war, the parties to the conflict have been accused of committing serious human rights violations. The war has also compromised the federal government’s ability to respond to long-standing challenges posed by climate change, drought and a lack of access to food and medicines. It has inflamed ethnic tensions in several regions, leading to an increase in ethnic violence and provided excuses to escalate media repression. Furthermore, conflicts and situations of instability have exacerbated already prevalent gender-based violence. Healthcare and education services remain either out of reach or woefully underfunded, especially in rural areas and among minority communities. Corruption is also an endemic problem.
Looking ahead, it will be critical to watch how the conflict evolves or ends. The ways in which past violations are addressed will determine many factors of Rights. The country is also confronted with a panoply of economic challenges that further threaten the nation’s stability. Ethiopia’s population is one of the fastest-growing in the world, yet millions today remain at risk of famine, food insecurity and infectious disease.
Monthly Event Reports
February 2024 | Civilians reportedly murdered in Amhara; State of Emergency extended
The Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC) reported on 13 February that at least 45 civilians had been killed in Merawi, Amhara in late January. The EHRC stated that they had been killed by government security services who suspected them of supporting or being members of the Fano militia group. Other reports suggest the number of people killed may be as high as 80. An Ethiopian government spokesman denied the reports, asserting that civilians would never be targeted. Elsewhere in Amhara in February, at least 15 civilians were killed when the truck in which they were travelling was hit by an airstrike, likely launched from a drone. At the beginning of February, the lower chamber of the national legislature (House of People’s Representatives) extended the State of Emergency in Amhara (which began in August 2023) for an additional four months.
August 2023 | Human rights situation in Amhara deteriorates as heavy fighting breaks out
The human rights situation in Ethiopia’s Amhara region deteriorated in August, as heavy fighting broke out between the Ethiopian National Defence Force (ENDF) and Amhara militias known as Fano. The fighting follows months of tension and sporadic clashes over the federal government’s plans to disband the country’s regional forces. It began in early August when Fano fighters moved into towns and cities across the region, where they attacked police stations and regional administrators. The federal government responded by moving in the ENDF, which reportedly struck urban areas with heavy weaponry. The fighting caused large-scale civilian casualties, disrupted access to basic services and confined residents to their homes. Reports also indicate that the government shut down the internet and used broad powers acquired under a state of emergency declared on 4 August to carry out mass arrests, with journalists and an opposition MP amongst those detained. The UN called for an end to the arrests and the release of those arbitrarily detained.
July 2023 | UN experts condemn Ethiopia’s mass deportation of ‘hundreds’ of Eritreans
On 13 July several UN Special Procedures (independent experts) issued a statement condemning and calling for an end to what it described as ‘Ethiopia’s summary expulsion of hundreds of Eritreans at the end of June [2023]’. On 24 June, the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission had said it was monitoring the forcible return of an estimated 200 Eritreans and, according to local media, several earlier reports indicated that in Addis Ababa, Ethiopian authorities were rounding up and forcibly returning ‘tens of Eritreans.’ Collective expulsions are prohibited under international law, which requires that an individual and objective risk assessment is made of the deportee’s exposure to human rights violations upon their return. The UN experts have previously documented patterns of such violations perpetrated against Eritreans forcibly returned to the country, including torture and arbitrary detention. The fate and whereabouts of the June deportees was not known to the experts.
June 2023 | Enforced disappearances on the rise in Ethiopia, says rights commission
In a press release issued on 5 June, the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC) called for the government to end enforced disappearances, which the Commission has observed to have increased in the aftermath of the war in the Tigray region and in connection with conflicts elsewhere, including those in the regions of Amhara and Oromia. The EHRC said it was monitoring cases across the country, but that the situation was particularly acute in the capital, Addis Ababa and in Oromia and Amhara. Victims have included members of the Ethiopian National Defence Force and opposition political parties, some of whom allege that they were tortured.
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