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Togo

https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/

June 2025

Security forces crack down on protests over constitutional reforms

From 5 to 6 June, security forces violently dispersed rare anti-government protests in Lomé, leaving at least seven people dead, according to civil society groups. The unrest was sparked by the arrest of rapper Aamron, a critic of President Faure Gnassingbé, and public anger over a recent constitutional change that may enable Gnassingbé to rule indefinitely as President of the Council of Ministers. Police used tear gas and batons, with footage showing security forces beating protesters and storming homes. Rights groups documented cases of torture during detention, including beatings and threats. Dozens were arrested and later released, though some remain in custody. The government denied responsibility for the deaths, attributing them to accidental drownings. Civil society actors condemned the repression and called for investigations. Demonstrations are banned in Togo, but youth-led protests resumed from 26 to 28 June, intensifying tensions over the country’s democratic trajectory.

Sources: International Crisis Group, Jeune Afrique, British Broadcasting Corporation, Amnesty International, The Associated Press, Togo Presse, International IDEA

Togo suspends French broadcasters over alleged bias

On 16 June, Togo’s media regulator suspended French broadcasters Radio France Internationale and France 24 for three months, accusing them of airing ‘inaccurate and biased’ content that undermines national stability. In justifying their action, the regulator, the High Authority for Audiovisual and Communication (HAAC), alleged repeated breaches of journalistic impartiality, particularly around recent anti-government protests. Both broadcasters denied the HAAC’s claims, saying the ban came ‘without notice’. Press freedom advocates condemned the move as censorship. The suspension comes amid growing unrest, with recent demonstrations over constitutional reforms and arrests of protestors. Local journalists have also faced harassment, including being forced to delete footage of protests. Observers warn the move aligns Togo with other West African states that have similarly banned French media outlets in recent years.

Sources: Jeune AfriquePressAfrikCommittee to Protect JournalistsLe MondeInternational Federation of Journalists

February 2025

Togo holds first Senate election as part of constitutional transition
Election flag

On 15 February, Togo conducted its first Senate election, completing its transition to an ‘assembly independent’ political system, under constitutional reforms promulgated in 2024. Forty-one of the 61 Senators were indirectly elected by municipal and regional councillors. The remaining 20 senators were appointed by the President of the Council of Ministers, Faure Gnassingbé, on 5 March. According to Togo’s Electoral Commission, women senators will take up six of the 41 seats. The ruling Union for the Republic (Union pour la République - UNIR) secured 83.0 per cent (34 of 41) the indirectly elected seats, while smaller opposition parties won 17.0 per cent (7 of 41). Several major opposition groups, including the Alliance Nationale pour le Changement (ANC) and Forces Démocratiques pour la République (FDR), boycotted the vote while describing it as a “constitutional coup d’etat” due to concerns that the larger package of reforms of which this election was a part of allow President Faure Gnassingbé to remain in power indefinitely. Foreign media were not accredited to cover the election.

Sources: Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (1), Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (2), News Central, Jeune Afrique, Bloomberg, Barron’s, International IDEA

September 2024

Failure to protect opposition party conference sparks outrage

On 29 September, armed individuals disrupted a conference organized by the opposition party Convention Démocratique des Peuples Africains (CDPA) in Lomé, injuring several attendees, including MPs and journalists. Witnesses reported that security forces stationed near the venue did not intervene during the attack. The CDPA condemned the incident, calling it an attempt to silence opposition voices and erode democratic freedoms. The lack of intervention by security personnel raised concerns about violations of the rights to freedom of assembly and expression as well as safety.

Sources: Ici Lome, Amnesty International

May 2024

Togo promulgates controversial new constitution

On 6 May, President Faure Gnassingbé promulgated amendments to the country’s constitution which, among other things, changes its presidential political system to one that experts have categorised as ‘assembly independent.’ Under this system, the head of government (the newly created President of the Council of Ministers, PoCM) is selected by parliament and can only be removed by a three-quarters parliamentary majority, effectively shielding the PoCM from accountability. The new framework does not impose a term limit on the head of government, raising widespread concerns that it may enable Gnassingbé, who looks set to become the first PoCM, to indefinitely continue his rule. Procedural concerns have also been raised, with opposition parties criticising the government’s failure to subject the reforms to a referendum and the passage of the reforms after the formal end to the parliamentary term.  

Sources: République Togolaise, Constitution Net (1), Constitution Net (2), The Conversation, Reuters

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Global ranking per category of democratic performance in 2024

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Representation
111/173
Rights
129/173
Rule of Law
122/173
Participation
77/173

Basic Information

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Population Tooltip
9 304 337
System of government
Parliamentary system
Head of government
President of the Council of Ministers Faure Gnassingbé (since 2025)
Head of government party
Union for the Republic
Electoral system for lower or single chamber
List Proportional Representation
Women in lower or single chamber
18.9%
Women in upper chamber
Not applicable
Last legislative election
2024
Effective number of political parties Tooltip
3.13
Head of state
President Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové
Selection process for head of state
Indirect election (assembly)
Latest Universal Periodic Review (UPR) date
24/01/2022
Latest Universal Periodic Review (UPR) percentage of recommendations supported
81.25%
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Human Rights Treaties

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State Party State party
Signatory Signatory
No Action No action
United Nations Human Right Treaties
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
State Party
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
State Party
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
State Party
Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
State Party
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment
State Party
Convention on the Rights of the Child
State Party
International Convention on Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
State Party
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance 
State Party
International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
State Party
International Labour Organisation Treaties
Forced Labour Convention
State Party
Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention
State Party
Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention
State Party
Equal Remuneration Convention
State Party
Abolition of Forced Labour Convention
State Party
Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention
State Party
Convention concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment
State Party
Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention
State Party
Regional Treaties
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
State Party
in
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Performance by category over the last 6 months

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Representation neutral Rule of law
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Representation neutral Participation
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Global State of Democracy Indices

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Explore the indices
Representation
Representation
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/1
high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4
Rights
Rights
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/1
high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4
Rule of Law
Rule of Law
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high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4
Participation
Participation
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/1
high 0.7-1.0
mid 0.4-0.7
low 0.0-0.4

Factors of Democratic Performance Over Time

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