Switzerland
Switzerland is a high-performing democracy in the Global State of Democracy Indices (GSoDI) - with the exception of low-performing Electoral Participation and mid-range performing Freedom of Religion. Its political identity is perhaps best characterized by its long-standing commitments to direct representation and decentralization. Economically speaking, Switzerland features a highly competitive export-oriented economy that has exhibited steady, moderate growth and prudent fiscal and monetary policies that have proven to be particularly resilient – including to the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic. Such stability is also present in the country's democratic performance over the last five years. GSoDI data suggests that only three dimensions featured statistically significant movement within this time period, with modest improvements in Gender Equality and Basic Welfare, together with a modest decline in Freedom of Movement.
Switzerland is marked by its sizable foreign-born population and four official linguistic groups distributed across a small geographical area. While factors such as moderate income inequality and high employment rates have largely prevented such factions from turning into deeply rooted social divisions, they are nonetheless the site of some key political cleavages. One quarter of the Swiss population currently remains ineligible to vote on the decisions that impact them due to restrictive naturalization laws. This large proportion of non-citizens has further come to structure national political competition as a result of growing concerns about the cultural and economic consequences of immigration. Closely connected to the issue of immigration are growing social tensions (and concomitant party polarization) with respect to both the Europeanization and globalization of Swiss society. This has recently resulted in the abandonment of bilateral negotiations with the European Union (EU) for an institutional framework agreement, and the Swiss administration’s failure to fully implement the results of some successful popular referendums due to conflicts with international obligations or norms. Beyond this tension in balancing sovereignty and supranational integration, national political competition and party polarization have also been driven by core issue areas such as pensions reform and environmental protection. As a result, the Swiss administration has had difficulties finding the consensus and coordination necessary for implementing change.
In the years to come, it will be important to watch Civil Liberties and Social Rights and Equality, with a 2022 report by a United Nations (UN) working group noting the urgency of addressing racial discrimination against people of African descent. Secondly, it will be important to watch the country's performance with regards to Electoral Participation, which may continue to decline as the proportion of non-citizens is boosted by post-pandemic immigration. At the same time, it will be important to watch recently passed legislation on the transparency of political party funding and the development of a National Human Rights Institute, set to start work in 2023.
Monthly Event Reports
March 2023 | Parliament holds first session for people with disabilities
The Parliament held its first ever special session for people living with disabilities. Only 44 of the 200 seats in the House of Representatives were filled to symbolize the 22 per cent (1.8 million people) of the Swiss population with disabilities. The session convened people with disabilities from across Switzerland as representatives, chosen in a public online vote organized by Pro Firmis, a disability rights NGO. At the close of the session, a resolution was adopted geared towards strengthening political representation, including through voting without hindrance and access to information about the election, and the creation of an extra-parliamentary Disability Commission to improve consultation with people with disabilities as experts. The Federal Council ordered the Interior Ministry to lead the review of the Disability Equality Act, enacted in 2002, to improve the participation of people with disabilities in society, including through protections against workplace discrimination and in equal access to services.
December 2022 | “Only yes means yes” law approved by lower parliamentary house
Lawmakers in the National Council agreed to expand the definition of rape to comprise sexual acts without explicit consent, as opposed to being limited to cases where the victim has resisted. The vote narrowly passed with 99 votes in favour, 88 against, and three abstentions. The bill will be sent to the upper parliamentary chamber, the Council of States, and from there is likely to be put to a referendum. The Council of Europe had urged Switzerland to update its consent laws in November to bring the law in line with the Istanbul Convention.
October 2022 | UN report shows racial discrimination ubiquitous
A report from the United Nations Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent was delivered to the Human Rights Council with the conclusions of its visit to Switzerland in January 2022. The report finds that racial discrimination is prevalent and misconduct is often committed with impunity, and concludes that a systemic problem exists. The report recognizes recent positive steps, acknowledging the role of civil society and in particular initiatives led by people of African descent, while highlighting persistent structural problems (including in employment, education, health, and housing). It also points out gaps in the legal framework and institutions, including a disconnect between the national and cantonal levels undermining the implementation of international treaty commitments.
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GSoD Indices Data 2013-2022
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