Kuwait
Kuwait performs in the mid-range across the Rights and Rule of Law categories of the Global State of Democracy framework, while scoring low in Participation and Representation. Although Kuwait ranks in the top 25 percent of countries globally for Basic Welfare, it falls within the bottom 25 percent across several key factors of Representation, as well as on Gender Equality, and Civil Society. Compared to five years prior, Kuwait has experienced significant declines in most factors of Representation and Participation. Largely owing to its vast oil reserves, Kuwait is among the wealthiest countries in the world, measured in GDP per capita, and exhibits high levels of socioeconomic development.
Kuwait’s origins date back to the early 18th century, when migrants from the Anizah tribe settled in the area, eventually appointing a sheikh from the Sabah family to lead them. Although the Sabah dynasty exercised autonomous rule during Ottoman influence in the 19th century, it later became a British protectorate through an 1899 treaty under which Britain controlled foreign affairs. Kuwait gained full independence in 1961 and adopted its constitution in 1962, establishing a hybrid political system that combines a hereditary monarchy wielding executive authority with a legislature elected through limited popular representation.
The regionally unique Kuwaiti parliament can be dissolved by decree, and entrenched conflict with the executive has led to persistent political gridlock and several snap parliamentary elections, which has been compounded by factional struggles within the ruling family. In 2024, these tensions culminated in the Emir’s decision to dissolve parliament and suspend key articles of the constitution for up to four years—effectively halting parliamentary life and concentrating power in the hands of the executive. Beyond this core conflict, tribal kinship ties may also be viewed as constitutive features of Kuwaiti politics. Tribes (and their ideological leanings) serve as important forms of political organization in the absence of a political party system. This has also resulted in divisions between urban-based segments of society and tribal Islamists (particularly Salafis) in outlying areas.
Another cleavage exists between citizens and non-citizens; roughly 66 per cent of the country’s residents are non-citizens—primarily overseas contract laborers —who do not enjoy full rights, are dependent on their employers under a restrictive kafala sponsorship system and have few prospects for naturalization. Beyond foreign workers, the stateless Bidoon community, minority Arab groups who were unwilling or unable to gain citizenship at independence, are also marginalized economically, politically and socially.
Despite advances in women’s socio-economic empowerment and expanded access to higher education, Kuwait scores low in the GSoD’s Gender Equality indicator. Women face discrimination in many areas including citizenship, with laws restricting their ability to pass on Kuwaiti nationality to their children. Women have also been disproportionately impacted by citizenship revocation campaigns. The LGBTQIA+ community lack right protections and suffer violence and discrimination. However, a 2022 Constitutional Court ruling overturned a discriminatory ban on the ‘imitation of the opposite sex’ behavior.
Looking ahead, it will be important to watch developments in Representation, as they are likely to be directly impacted by the Emir's decision to suspend parliament and several articles of the constitution. While the future trajectory of this suspension remains uncertain, these measures—and any other potential regressive policies enacted during this period—could also impact other aspects of democratic performance, such as Participation and Rights, in the years to come.
Last Updated: June 2025
https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/
March 2026
Nationality law amendments enter into force
On 13 April, amendments to the Nationality Law entered into force, making naturalised citizenship less secure. The reforms broaden revocation powers beyond cases of fraud and security threats to include broadly defined ‘public interest’ grounds, tighten dual nationality rules through stricter renunciation requirements and provisions on loss of Kuwaiti citizenship, and increase scrutiny of naturalized citizens while reducing judicial oversight of citizenship decisions. They also introduce enhanced identity verification measures, including biometric and DNA testing to confirm lineage and eligibility. As a result, naturalized citizens, mixed-status families, and individuals relying on documentary proof of ancestry are particularly affected, with increased administrative discretion and higher evidentiary requirements for acquiring or retaining citizenship.
Sources: Government of Kuwait, Gulf News, Kuwait Times, KPMG Al-Qenae & Partners, International IDEA
June 2025
Employer-controlled exit permits introduced for migrant workers
On 11 June, the Public Authority for Manpower (PAM), the country’s labour authority, announced that starting 1 July, all migrant workers in the private sector who wish to leave Kuwait must obtain prior approval from their employer in the form of an exit permit. The request process will be managed through a government-run online platform. Previously, workers only needed to notify the Ministry of Interior, with government permission required only when they wished to leave for longer than six months. This change hands greater control to employers, increasing the risk of exploitation and restricting migrant workers’ freedom of movement.
Sources: Public Authority of Manpower, Khaleej Times, Arab Times Kuwait, Human Rights Watch
March 2025
Landmark reforms raise marriage age to 18 and abolish ‘honour killing’ leniency
On 16 March, the government gazetted two landmark legal reforms aimed at strengthening protections for women and children. The first reform amends the Personal Status Law by raising the minimum legal marriage age to 18 for both girls and boys, up from 15 and 17 respectively. The second reform repeals Article 153 of the Penal Code, which had allowed courts to reduce sentences for men convicted of ‘honour killings,’ acts of gender-based violence committed against female relatives in the name of family honour. Authorities framed these reforms as fulfilling obligations under the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), with the changes being positively received by civil society organizations.
Sources: Official Gazette of Kuwait (1), Official Gazette of Kuwait (2), Kuwait Times, Arab Times Kuwait, The New Arab
September 2024
Cabinet approves amendments to citizenship law
On 25 September, the Kuwaiti Cabinet approved amendments to the 1959 Nationality Law. These changes end the automatic citizenship granted to foreign wives of Kuwaiti men and expand the government's power to revoke citizenship. Grounds for revocation now include crimes related to honour, integrity, or state security, as well as offenses against religion, the Prophets, or the Emir. Citizenship may also be revoked if an individual was dismissed from a government position for disciplinary reasons, if it is deemed necessary for state interests due to threats to the country's ‘economic or social systems’, or if a person has ties to ‘foreign political organizations.’ Previous instances of citizenship being revoked from political opponents and minorities have raised fears that the amended law may be enforced in an arbitrary and discriminatory manner. The draft law, which is yet to be promulgated by the Emir, was approved by the Cabinet without input from parliament, which was dissolved in May 2024.
Update 1: The amended law came into effect on 24 December following its publication in the official gazette.
Update 2: On 11 March, Kuwait formed a grievance committee, a non-judicial body that will review citizenship revocations. The committee launched an online portal on 4 May to accept appeals for revocations issued between 20 February 2024 and 30 April 2025, receiving over 14,000 appeals by 14 May.
Sources: Kuwait News Agency (1), Arab Times (1), Gulf News, ADHRB, International IDEA, Kuwait News Agency (2), Kuwait News Agency (3), Kuwait Times, Arab Times (2), Democracy for the Arab World Now
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