Since May 2025, Indian authorities have forcibly expelled hundreds of ethnic Bengali Muslims to Bangladesh without due process, some of whom are Indian citizens according to Human Rights Watch and opposition leaders. At least 1,500 persons were expelled between 7 May and 15 June, per Bangladeshi authorities. Rights groups note that individuals were arbitrarily detained and physically abused as part of the process. In May, United Nations officials also raised concerns about Rohingya refugees being expelled and forced into the sea near Myanmar. The Indian government maintains that it is legally expelling undocumented migrants and non-Indian citizens. The expulsions follow a directive issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs in May, setting a 30-day deadline for states to verify the credentials of undocumented immigrants. The deportations mark the latest escalation of Assam’s long-running ’expulsion politics,’ where Muslim minorities labelled as foreigners have been subject to removals and disenfranchisement.

Sources: Human Rights Watch, The Hindustan Times, The Indian Express, The Hindu, Fortify Rights

India and Pakistan exchanged drone, artillery, and missile attacks in May in what were the deadliest hostilities between the two countries in decades. Dozens were reportedly killed on both sides in a conflict which began with a terror attack in India by (allegedly) Pakistani-backed militants on 22 April. India responded with strikes on 7 May on what it said was ‘terrorist infrastructure’ in Pakistan. Pakistan denied that it supported the militants and launched attacks of its own on Indian territory. Attacks by both countries continued until a ceasefire on 10 May, and no further violence has occurred (as of mid-June) since the two states agreed to withdraw troops and open lines of communication between military leaders on 12 May. The outbreak of violence was the deadliest fighting between the two countries since the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War and the first since both countries obtained nuclear weapons. 

Sources:  Foreign Affairs, CSIS, Al Jazeera

On 4 April, the Indian parliament passed the controversial Waqf (Amendment) Act, which increases government oversight over properties held by private Muslim trusts (waqfs). The amendments require Waqf boards to appoint non-Muslim members and shifts the power to adjudicate disputes from boards to civil servants. It removes a “Waqf by User” clause, which treated properties without proper documentation as waqf if they were long understood as such. The law does not affect Hindu or other religious endowments, which will not be subject to the same oversight. The government maintains that the bill is intended to improve the administration of Waqf properties. Minority groups and opposition leaders have condemned the bill as unconstitutional, arguing that it infringes on the rights of Muslims and expands government control over the privately-owned endowments. On 17 April, the Supreme Court put a hold on several of the law’s new provisions as they are being challenged at the Court.

On 4 April, the Supreme Court delivered a landmark judgment declaring that state governors cannot indefinitely decline to sign or reject bills passed by state legislatures. The Court further clarified that even the President of India cannot “pocket-veto” a bill without time limits. The ruling arose from a prolonged dispute between the Tamil Nadu government and Governor RN Ravi, who withheld 10 bills, some pending for several years. The Court’s ruling now mandates a specific timeframe within which governors must respond to bills. Political analysts note that the verdict sets an important legal precedent across all Indian states, reinforcing constitutional principles, ensuring judicial oversight and enhancing accountability in legislative processes.

Sources: The New Indian Express, Times of India, The Week, Scroll

On 14 November, the Supreme Court issued a landmark ruling declaring the practice widely known as “bulldozer justice” illegal – a practice in which state governments demolish homes and businesses after communal conflicts or acts of political dissent. The Court issued guidelines and mandated that authorities provide a reason and give at least 15 days’ notice to occupants before demolishing unauthorized structures. Legal and rights experts have welcomed the decision, hoping it will stop arbitrary demolitions, which have reportedly targeted minority communities protesting discriminatory laws. The government responded favourably to the ruling, while members of the Bharatiya Janata Party clarified that bulldozers were only being used on unauthorized structures and encroachment – adding that the Court has imposed no ban on this. 

Sources: International IDEA, The New York Times, Times of India, Bharat National, Supreme Court of India