Philippines
The Philippines exhibits mid-range performance across all four categories of the Global State of Democracy framework. Over the last five years, there have been notable declines in Freedom of Expression, Freedom of Association and Assembly, Economic Equality and Absence of Corruption, due to phenomena such as police violence and the suppression of the freedom of expression. At the same time, there are nascent signals of the opening of democratic space. This dynamic economy is rooted in strong domestic consumption and remittances, with a growing services sector, including tourism and the finance and insurance industries, with Business Process Outsourcing contributing significantly to the economy.
The Philippines has had a long history of revolutions against repressive colonial (Spanish, American and Japanese) and postcolonial governments. Since achieving de facto independence in 1946, it has struggled to counteract the negative effects of repressive and corrupt political dynasties, widely divided socioeconomic classes, and ethno-religious and ideological fault lines, resulting in decades of armed struggles and conflicts at the local level.
President Ferdinand Marcos Sr., first elected in 1965, declared martial law in 1972 and imposed a military-backed dictatorship for over a decade, until he was deposed by the 1986 People Power revolution, a peaceful revolt that has influenced a number of popular uprisings against dictatorships in Asia and beyond. Since then, democratization has made progress in fits and starts. National politics continue to be dominated by political dynasties, and the public has expressed anger at elites’ refusal to share power more widely and at the slow pace of socioeconomic and political reforms. Throughout its history, the Catholic Church has been a socio-political force, particularly during the People Power revolution, and a key player in debates on public policy, despite formal separation of church and state in the constitution. Patronage and clientelism remain influential in driving party politics in the country, with corruption and economic challenges like poverty shaping voting behavior.
The ethno-religious and ideological fault lines are based on two conflicts. In Mindanao, an armed struggle for an independent region, launched in 1969, culminated in an agreement to establish a self-governing autonomous region in the Muslim-dominated areas of Mindanao, the ‘Bangsamoro’, by law in 2019. The second, which is the longest running communist insurgency in Asia, pits the New People’s Army, the armed wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines, against the national government. Ongoing human rights abuses initiated by the former administration’s “War on Drugs” campaign, as well as the persistent practice of “red tagging” government critics as communist insurgency supporters, remain key areas of concerns.
The Philippines is among the strongest performing countries in Gender Equality in Asia and the Pacific, having made substantial in progress in eliminating discrimination against women through landmark legislation like the Magna Carta for Women Act of 2009. However, challenges persist in addressing gender-based violence and improving women's political representation and labor force participation.
It will be important to watch Civil Liberties and Rule of Law in the years ahead, especially in relation to media freedom and justice for past regimes’ violations. Many aspects of democracy may also be impacted by the new law in Bangsamoro, which grants increased autonomy to the region. Rights and other aspects of democracy may also be affected by proposed but controversial constitutional reform. The government’s commitment to fighting corruption will also impact Predictable Enforcement. Opportunities for improvement will depend on the level of transparency and access to information and education on the legacy of political dynasties for younger generations of Filipinos.
Last Updated: June 2024
https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/
May 2025
Midterm election delivers mixed results
On 12 May, the Philippines held national and local midterm elections, with over 18,000 elective seats available, including local officials, 317 parliamentary representatives and 12 Senate seats. According to preliminary results, the Marcos administration retained its majority in the House of Representatives, securing approximately 104 seats out of 317. In the Senate, however, the Marcos administration secured only 6 out of 12 seats, giving it a slim majority, with opposition allies gaining more seats than anticipated (at least 5). Political analysts note this may affect Vice President Sara Duterte’s impeachment trial. The Commission on Elections (COMLEC) reported a record midterm poll voter turnout at 82.2 per cent, up from 75.9 per cent in the 2019. This does not account for overseas voters, where turnout rates were slightly lower than the 2019 overseas voter turnout despite the implementation of online voting. Election observers noted that while COMLEC administered the elections effectively, challenges persist related to vote buying, abuse of state resources and occasional instances of violence at the local level.
Sources: CSIS, BBC News, ANFREL, Rappler, COMLEC, International IDEA, Congress of the Philippines
Record high voter turnout for midterm election
The Commission on Elections (COMELEC) reported a record voter turnout of 82.2 per cent for the midterm elections, an increase from 75.9 per cent in 2019. This marks the highest turnout rate in the history of the country's midterm elections. Historically, midterm elections have seen lower turnout rates compared to presidential elections, which had a turnout of approximately 83.0 per cent in 2022. Political analysts attribute the increase in voter turnout to a significant rise in youth voters, along with initiatives implemented by COMELEC to enhance voter engagement.
Sources: Rappler, Manilla Bulletin, International IDEA
April 2025
Online voting for overseas Filipinos initiated for the first time
Ahead of the May 2025 midterm election, the Commission on Elections (COMLEC) introduced an online voting system to assist Filipinos living and working overseas. Previously, overseas voting was limited to in-person participation at designated embassies, consulates or mailing ballots. As of 14 April, over 77 Online Voting and Counting System hubs were activated, which will remain open until the 12 May election. According to COMLEC, this new system aims to increase accessibility and address the low turnout rates of oversees voters in previous elections, potentially benefiting approximately 1.2 million voters abroad.
March 2025
Former President Duterte charged with crimes against humanity
On 11 March, authorities in the Philippines acting on a warrant issued by the International Criminal Court (ICC) arrested former President Rodrigo Duterte in Manila. Duterte faces charges of crimes against humanity related to the extrajudicial killings that occurred during his ‘war on drugs’ campaign between 2011 and 2019. Human rights experts have welcomed the arrest as a landmark step toward justice and in addressing the impunity surrounding drug-related killings. The ICC is scheduled to hold a confirmation of charges hearing on 23 September2025. Although Duterte had withdrawn the Philippines from the ICC in 2019, the ICC asserts that it still holds jurisdiction over crimes committed in the country before the withdrawal. President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. stated that the Philippines was fulfilling its legal obligations by cooperating, emphasizing that "this is what the international community expects of us."
Sources: Human Rights Watch, Rappler, BBC News, International Criminal Court
February 2025
Vice President impeached over corruption and death threat allegations
On 5 February, lawmakers voted to impeach Vice President Sara Duterte over several allegations, including for high-level corruption and threatening President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. The development follows months of an escalating feud between Marcos and Duterte. The impeachment motion cited constitutional violations, betrayal of public trust, graft, and other serious crimes. An investigation into the misuse of public funds related to Duterte's roles as vice president and former education secretary is ongoing. Duterte denies any wrongdoing and will remain in office until her Senate impeachment trial, likely set for July after the midterm elections. If convicted, she could be removed from office and barred from future government positions, though it is uncertain if this would lead to a criminal case requiring her to return public funds.
Sources: Rappler, Reuters, East Asia Forum
Concerns raised over escalated terrorism financing cases against civil society
According to local human rights lawyers, terrorism financing cases rose from 14 in 2023 to 66 in 2024—a 371 per cent increase, primarily targeting activists and human rights defenders. Many of the reported cases have involved individuals accused by the government of links to the communist insurgency, a claim often tied to the country’s widespread practice of “red tagging.” The findings came to light as the Philippines, in February, was removed from the “grey list” of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), an intergovernmental organization supervising the international financial system. The designation had long restricted trade and financial transactions for Filipinos. While government officials welcomed the development, rights experts and advocates have warned that this coincides with the government’s escalating efforts to file baseless charges against civil society and activists. Human Rights Watch states that FATF standards have been weaponized to suppress dissent and arbitrarily freeze the assets of civil society groups.
Sources: Human Rights Watch, The Diplomat, Rappler, International IDEA
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