India - November 2025

On 21 November, India implemented four new labour codes, consolidating 29 existing laws into codes on Wages, Social Security, Industrial Relations and Occupational Safety & Health. Approved by parliament in 2019-2020, their rollout was delayed by five years due to trade union protests, COVID-19 disruptions and political resistance. The new codes standardize wage definitions, expand social security, simplify registration processes for employers, and strengthen workplace health and safety standards. They also ensure equal pay and non-discrimination for women, with expanded maternity benefits. Labour rights experts note the codes represent a major modernization of employment regulation, extending coverage also to gig and informal workers. However, their effectiveness depends on enforcement. Several trade unions argue the reforms favour employers and restrict collective bargaining through easing layoffs, raising union recognition thresholds and making it more difficult to hold strikes. Trade unions have indicated they plan to challenge the codes in court.

Sources:  BBC News, ISAS Brief, Deutsche Welle, The Times of India, The Economic Times