United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the UK) is high-performing in the Representation, Rule of Law and Participation categories of the Global State of Democracy framework, and mid-performing in Rights. The UK performs in the top 25 per cent globally in almost all factors, with the exception of Electoral Participation, Access to Justice, and Personal Integrity and Security. Between 2019-2024, the UK has significantly declined in Access to Justice, including measures of judicial corruption, as well as Freedom of Expression. It boasts the world’s sixth-largest economy, featuring a robust service industry (particularly retail and financial sectors), although it has among the highest levels of income inequality of any major European economy.
The UK was formed through unions of England and Wales with Scotland in 1707 and subsequently with Ireland in 1801. The UK’s national identity has over the years been challenged by Jacobite rebellions in Scotland, nationalist movements in Ireland and, more recently, an unsuccessful Scottish independence referendum and greater devolution of power to the constitutive nations. The UK withdrew from the European Union following a 2016 referendum in which a narrow majority of voters opted to leave the bloc. The departure process, known colloquially as 'Brexit', has had a profound political impact on the country, exposing and deepening social and regional divisions across the country. Low levels of trust in politicians, particularly visible among Leave voters, has spurred the Welsh government to propose measures to curb the spread of misinformation by candidates and elected officials.
Immigration from across the Commonwealth and from Europe has over time added new layers of diversity and identity to the UK’s nations, as immigrants brought with them new languages and religions. Previous tolerance of such diversity has been eroded as multiculturalism and other liberal values have increasingly been contested by politicians and voters. Migration policy has recently focused on tackling organized crime and human trafficking amid a growing number of deaths and disappearances in the Channel. At the same time, an economic-geographical division has grown out of the concentration of governance and economic productivity in London and its hinterlands, which has produced some of the highest levels of regional inequality in the developed world.
The UK is high-performing in Gender Equality, and recent gains have been notable in women’s political representation, despite concerns around online harassment of women electoral candidates. Violence against women is a persistent challenge, and the prevalence of sexual assault has increased over the past decade. The UK is in many ways advanced in LGBTQIA+ rights, and removed barriers to access to IVF for same-sex couples in 2023. Nonetheless, challenges persist, particularly in relation to rising harassment of transgender people. In 2024, Scotland expanded protections for victims of hate crimes in response to this challenge, which has unfolded alongside growing divisive rhetoric and embattled health services across the UK.
In the years to come, it will be important to monitor Civil Liberties and Personal Integrity and Security in light of the weakening of the rights of asylum-seekers, immigrants, dual nationals and those born abroad. Additionally, the Welsh government’s proposals to address deliberate political deception should be closely watched as they seek to promote accountability while balancing Freedom of Expression. Finally, it will be important to monitor the implications of a 2025 Supreme Court ruling interpretating key equality legislation, as it may affect Gender Equality in areas ranging from access to single-sex spaces to associational rights.
Last updated: July 2025
https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/
April 2025
Supreme Court ruling clarifies interpretation of the Equality Act
On 16 April, the UK Supreme Court ruled that the terminology used in the 2010 Equality Act refers to biological sex. It also invalidated the 2022 Scottish government guidance that rules regarding gender representation on public boards should allow for the inclusion of transgender women with a gender recognition certificate. The case was brought by campaign group For Women Scotland. On 22 May, UN human rights experts warned the judgment risks causing legal uncertainty and undermining transgender rights, saying it could justify exclusionary policies and lead to increased discrimination. Concerns were also raised about interim guidance issued on 25 April by the UK Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC), interpreting the ruling as allowing exclusion of individuals from single-sex spaces based on biological sex. The EHRC is updating its Code of Practice to clarify the duties of public bodies, service providers and associations under the Equality Act. A public consultation is open until 30 June.
Sources: Cable News Network, British Broadcasting Company, The Supreme Court, The Guardian, UK Equality and Human Rights Commission, OHCHR, The Conversation
March 2025
Welsh government responds to proposals tackling deliberate political deception
In March, the Welsh government provided its responses to 11 recommendations for disqualifying members of the Welsh Parliament (Senedd) and candidates found guilty of deliberate deception. The proposals were published by the Senedd’s Standards of Conduct Committee in February, and follow a government commitment to introduce legislation before the 2026 Senedd elections, made in July 2024 and re-affirmed in December. As part of its responses, the government pledged to introduce legislation, including a recall system allowing voters to remove Senedd members who breach the parliamentary Code of Conduct from office between elections, and to strengthen the independence of the Senedd’s standards process. The government called for further consultation on a proposal to create a new electoral offence for deliberately misleading statements by candidates in Senedd elections, and began assessing impacts on the justice system and electoral law. The government’s responses were debated in the Senedd on 2 April.
Sources: Senedd (1), Senedd (2), Senedd (3), Nation Cymru, Llywodraeth Cymru, British Broadcasting Cooperation, The Conversation
November 2024
Final asylum-seekers leave Bibby Stockholm
The final group of asylum-seekers moved out of Bibby Stockholm, a barge used to house 500 people in unsafe conditions, on 26 November 2024. Asylum-seekers have been gradually relocated from the barge since July 2024, when the government announced its decision not to renew the contract with Bibby Marine, the shipping operations company that owns Bibby Stockholm. Those whose asylum claims are still pending will be provided accommodation elsewhere in the UK. The barge is set to leave UK waters after the lease expires on 8 January 2025, after a year and a half moored in Dorset. An inquest into the death of Albanian asylum-seeker Leonard Farruku on the barge in December 2023 is scheduled to open in September 2025.
Sources: The Guardian (1), The Guardian (2), European Council on Refugees and Exiles, Home Office, International IDEA
October 2024
Agreement reached to return Chagos to Mauritius
On 3 October, the governments of the UK and Mauritius agreed to transfer sovereignty of the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius, marking the return of the UK’s last African colony. The deal recognizes Mauritius’s sovereignty over the archipelago, while the UK retains control of the Diego Garcia island for the next 99 years to support a US military base there. The UK separated Chagos from Mauritius when the country gained independence from Britain in 1968. The UK leased the archipelago to the US, resulting in the forced expulsion of the Chagossian population between 1965 and 1973. Chagossian Voices, a community organisation, condemned its exclusion from the negotiations. The UK has committed to establishing a trust fund for the descendants of the 1,500 Chagossians exiled from the islands. The deal comes after years of legal challenges brought by Chagossians and a 2019 International Court of Justice advisory opinion calling for the return of the islands to Mauritius.
Sources: The Conversation, Al Jazeera, BBC, UK Government, UN News
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