Voting from Abroad Database
Voting method
| Theme | Voting from Abroad Database |
|---|---|
| Description | Ways of voting from abroad, i.e. existing procedures for casting anexternal vote. |
Breakdown by continent
| Continent | Postal | e-voting | No data | In transition | Not yet decided | No external voting | No provisions for direct elections | Fax | Proxy | Personal | Other | Countries researched |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa | 2 (3.7%) |
1 (1.9%) |
0 (0.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
1 (1.9%) |
13 (24.1%) |
2 (3.7%) |
0 (0.0%) |
6 (11.1%) |
35 (64.8%) |
0 (0.0%) |
54 |
| Americas | 6 (14.3%) |
5 (11.9%) |
0 (0.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
1 (2.4%) |
15 (35.7%) |
0 (0.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
2 (4.8%) |
18 (42.9%) |
1 (2.4%) |
42 |
| Asia | 9 (18.8%) |
4 (8.3%) |
0 (0.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
12 (25.0%) |
4 (8.3%) |
0 (0.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
26 (54.2%) |
1 (2.1%) |
48 |
| Europe | 29 (60.4%) |
5 (10.4%) |
0 (0.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
4 (8.3%) |
0 (0.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
5 (10.4%) |
28 (58.3%) |
1 (2.1%) |
48 |
| Oceania | 8 (50.0%) |
1 (6.3%) |
0 (0.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
6 (37.5%) |
0 (0.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
2 (12.5%) |
5 (31.3%) |
0 (0.0%) |
16 |
| Other | 3 (30.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
1 (10.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
3 (30.0%) |
1 (10.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
3 (30.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
10 |
| Total | 57 | 16 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 53 | 7 | 0 | 18 | 112 | 3 | 218 |
Country Answers
| Country | Year | Value (Text) | Details |
|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | 2019 | No external voting | |
| Albania | 2025 | Postal | |
| Algeria | 2012 | Personal Proxy |
|
| Andorra | 2014 | Postal | |
| Angola | 2022 | Personal | |
| Anguilla | 2020 | No external voting | |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 2023 | No external voting | |
| Argentina | 2021 | Personal | |
| Armenia | 2016 | e-voting | |
| Aruba | 2021 | No external voting | |
| Australia | 1984 | Postal | |
| Austria | 1990 | Postal | |
| Azerbaijan | 2003 | Personal | |
| Bahamas | 2007 | No external voting | |
| Bahrain | 2002 | Personal e-voting |
|
| Bangladesh | 1972 | Postal | |
| Barbados | 1971 | Personal | |
| Belarus | 2025 | Personal | |
| Belgium | 1998 | Personal Postal Proxy |
|
| Belize | 1998 | Proxy | |
| Benin | 2007 | Postal Proxy |
|
| Bermuda | 2025 | No external voting | |
| Bhutan | 2008 | Postal e-voting |
|
| Bolivia | 2009 | Personal | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2001 | Personal Postal |
|
| Botswana | 1997 | Personal | |
| Brazil | 1965 | Personal e-voting |
|
| Brunei Darussalam | 2018 | No provisions for direct elections | |
| Bulgaria | 2021 | Personal e-voting |
|
| Burkina Faso | 2020 | Personal | |
| Burundi | 2019 | Personal | |
| Cabo Verde | 1999 | Personal | |
| Cambodia | 2023 | No external voting | |
| Cameroon | 2011 | Personal | |
| Canada | 2025 | Postal | |
| Cayman Islands | 2025 | Postal | |
| Central African Republic | 2009 | Personal | |
| Chad | 2019 | Personal | |
| Chile | 2015 | Personal | |
| China | 2018 | No provisions for direct elections | |
| Colombia | 1991 | Personal | |
| Comoros | 2010 | Not yet decided | |
| Congo, Democratic Republic of | 2015 | Personal | |
| Cook Islands | 2004 | Postal | |
| Costa Rica | 2022 | Personal | |
| Croatia | 1999 | Personal | |
| Cuba | 2012 | No external voting | |
| Cyprus | 2011 | Personal | |
| Cyprus (North) | 2022 | No external voting | |
| Czechia | 2013 | Personal | |
| Côte d'Ivoire | 2000 | Personal | |
| Denmark | 2007 | Personal | |
| Djibouti | 1992 | Personal | |
| Dominica | 2019 | No external voting | |
| Dominican Republic | 2016 | Personal | |
| Ecuador | 2025 | Personal | |
| Egypt | 2020 | Personal Postal |
|
| El Salvador | 2024 | e-voting Personal |
|
| Equatorial Guinea | 2022 | Personal | |
| Eritrea | 2018 | No provisions for direct elections | |
| Estonia | 2020 | Personal Postal e-voting |
|
| Eswatini | 2013 | Personal | |
| Ethiopia | 2021 | No external voting | |
| Falkland Islands (Malvinas) | 1988 | Postal Proxy |
|
| Fiji | 2022 | Postal | |
| Finland | 2017 | Personal Postal |
|
| France | 2020 | Personal Proxy e-voting |
|
| Gabon | 1998 | Personal | |
| Georgia | 2020 | Personal | |
| Germany | 1985 | Postal | |
| Ghana | 2020 | Personal | |
| Gibraltar | 2023 | Postal | |
| Greece | 2024 | Postal Personal |
|
| Greenland | 2007 | Postal | |
| Grenada | 2007 | No external voting | |
| Guatemala | 2016 | Personal | |
| Guernsey | 1972 | Postal | |
| Guinea | 2007 | Personal | |
| Guinea-Bissau | 1998 | Personal | |
| Guyana | 1964 | Personal | |
| Haiti | 2017 | No external voting | |
| Holy See (Vatican City State) | 2018 | No provisions for direct elections | |
| Honduras | 2004 | Personal | |
| Hungary | 2013 | Personal Postal |
|
| Iceland | 2000 | Personal | |
| India | 1961 | Postal | |
| Indonesia | 1955 | Personal Postal |
|
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | 1985 | Personal | |
| Iraq | 2008 | Personal | |
| Ireland | 1923 | Postal | |
| Isle of Man | 2020 | Postal Proxy |
|
| Israel | 1969 | Personal | |
| Italy | 2002 | Postal | |
| Jamaica | 2007 | No external voting | |
| Japan | 2025 | Postal Personal |
|
| Jersey | 2002 | Postal | |
| Jordan | 2020 | No external voting | |
| Kazakhstan | 1995 | Personal | |
| Kenya | 2022 | Personal | |
| Kiribati | 2020 | No external voting | |
| Korea, Dem. People's Republic of | 2019 | No external voting | |
| Korea, Republic of | 2007 | No external voting | |
| Kosovo | 2025 | Postal | |
| Kuwait | 2023 | No external voting | |
| Kyrgyzstan | 2020 | Personal | |
| Lao People's Dem. Republic | 2006 | Personal | |
| Latvia | 2004 | Personal Postal |
|
| Lebanon | 2008 | Personal | |
| Lesotho | 1992 | Personal | |
| Liberia | 2004 | No external voting | |
| Libya | 2014 | Personal | |
| Liechtenstein | 1973 | Postal | |
| Lithuania | 2003 | Personal Postal e-voting |
|
| Luxembourg | 2005 | Postal | |
| Madagascar | 2007 | No external voting | |
| Malawi | 2025 | No external voting | |
| Malaysia | 2022 | Postal | |
| Maldives | 2023 | Personal | |
| Mali | 2006 | Personal Proxy |
|
| Malta | 2022 | No external voting | |
| Marshall Islands | 2023 | Postal | |
| Mauritania | 2007 | No external voting | |
| Mauritius | 1976 | Proxy | |
| Mexico | 2014 | Postal e-voting |
|
| Micronesia, Federated States of | 2006 | Personal Postal |
|
| Moldova, Republic of | 1997 | Personal | |
| Monaco | 2006 | Proxy | |
| Mongolia | 2007 | No external voting | |
| Montenegro | 2023 | No external voting | |
| Montserrat | 2000 | Not specifed | |
| Morocco | 2011 | Proxy | |
| Mozambique | 2004 | Personal | |
| Myanmar | 2010 | Personal | |
| Namibia | 2025 | e-voting Personal |
|
| Nauru | 2004 | Proxy | |
| Nepal | 2007 | No external voting | |
| Netherlands | 1989 | Postal Proxy |
|
| Netherlands Antilles | 2007 | No external voting | |
| New Zealand | 2022 | Postal e-voting Personal |
|
| Nicaragua | 2021 | Not yet decided | |
| Niger | 2007 | Personal | |
| Nigeria | 2019 | No external voting | |
| Niue | 2007 | No external voting | |
| No Country | 1968 | Postal | |
| North Macedonia, Republic of | 2006 | No external voting | |
| Norway | 2025 | Postal Personal |
|
| Oman | 2019 | e-voting | |
| Pakistan | 2024 | No external voting | |
| Palau | 1981 | Personal Postal |
|
| Panama | 2019 | Personal e-voting |
|
| Papua New Guinea | 1997 | Postal | |
| Paraguay | 2013 | Personal | |
| Peru | 1993 | Personal | |
| Philippines | 2013 | Personal Postal |
|
| Pitcairn Islands | 2008 | Proxy | |
| Poland | 2023 | Personal | |
| Portugal | 1986 | Postal | |
| Qatar | 2021 | No external voting | |
| Republic of The Congo (Brazzaville) | 2001 | No external voting | |
| Romania | 2015 | Personal Postal |
|
| Russian Federation | 2003 | Personal | |
| Rwanda | 2010 | Personal | |
| Saint Helena | 2007 | No external voting | |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 2007 | No external voting | |
| Saint Lucia | 2007 | No external voting | |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 2007 | No external voting | |
| Samoa | 2025 | No external voting | |
| San Marino | 2007 | No external voting | |
| Saudi Arabia | 2018 | No provisions for direct elections | |
| Senegal | 2025 | Personal | |
| Serbia | 2021 | Personal | |
| Seychelles | 2025 | No external voting | |
| Sierra Leone | 2012 | No external voting | |
| Singapore | 2023 | Postal Personal |
|
| Slovakia | 2004 | Postal | |
| Slovenia | 1992 | Personal Postal |
|
| Solomon Islands | 2024 | No external voting | |
| Somalia | 2022 | No provisions for direct elections | |
| South Africa | 1998 | Personal | |
| South Sudan | 2011 | Personal | |
| Spain | 2023 | Postal Personal |
|
| Sri Lanka | 2007 | No external voting | |
| State of Palestine | 2007 | No external voting | |
| Sudan | 2008 | Personal | |
| Suriname | 2007 | No external voting | |
| Sweden | 2005 | Personal Postal Vote by messenger |
|
| Switzerland | 2023 | Postal e-voting |
|
| Syrian Arab Republic | 2020 | Personal | |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | 1990 | Personal | |
| Taiwan | 2007 | No external voting | |
| Tajikistan | 1994 | Personal | |
| Tanzania, United Republic of | 2020 | No external voting | |
| Thailand | 2018 | Personal Postal |
|
| The Gambia | 2022 | No external voting | |
| Timor-Leste | 2022 | Personal | |
| Togo | 2020 | Personal Proxy |
|
| Tokelau | 2020 | No data | |
| Tonga | 2012 | No external voting | |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 2007 | No external voting | |
| Tunisia | 2022 | Personal | |
| Turkey | 2008 | Personal Voting at the borders |
|
| Turkmenistan | 2012 | Personal | |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | 2007 | No external voting | |
| Tuvalu | 2007 | No external voting | |
| Uganda | 2007 | No external voting | |
| Ukraine | 2013 | Personal | |
| United Arab Emirates | 2023 | No provisions for direct elections | |
| United Kingdom | 2022 | Postal Proxy |
|
| United States | 2000 | Postal e-voting |
|
| Uruguay | 2025 | No external voting | |
| Uzbekistan | 1991 | Personal | |
| Vanuatu | 1982 | Personal Proxy |
|
| Venezuela | 2018 | Personal | |
| Viet Nam | 2021 | No external voting | |
| Virgin Islands, British | 2023 | No external voting | |
| Yemen | 2001 | Personal | |
| Zambia | 2021 | No external voting | |
| Zimbabwe | 2012 | Postal |
Total number of countries in selected sample: 218
