On the 12 March 2025, Belize conducted a general parliamentary election for members of the Belizean House of Representatives The 31 members of the House are directly elected by a first past-the-post plurality vote, and can elect a Speaker from outside the House, thus adding a 32nd member. MPs serve five-year terms with no term limits (IFES 2025).
On 16 January 2025, Vanuatu held an early general election. The election was postponed by two days due to a 7.3 magnitude earthquake that hit near the capital on 17 December 2024. The earthquake killed 14 people and injured 265 others (RNZ 2025).
The Federal Republic of Germany held parliamentary elections on 23 February 2025. Chancellor Olaf Scholz had lost a confidence vote on 16 December 2024, and the President Frank-Walter Steinmeier dissolved the parliament on 27 December.
Australia held federal elections on 3 May 2025 for both chambers of parliament, the Senate (76 seats) and the House of Representatives (150 seats). Australia uses a preferential voting system and has federal elections every three years (AI Australia n.d.). Candidates for the lower house must win an absolute majority, if necessary, by successively reallocating second preference votes.
Albania held elections on 11 May 2025 for all 140 parliamentary seats. Legislative elections happen every four years and members are voted in through a regional proportional and multi-member system in 12 constituencies (IFES n.d.).
On 12 May 2025, the Philippines held mid-term general elections for 12 of 24 senate positions and all 317 seats in the House of Representatives (as well as local authorities).
Poland held its 2025 presidential election in two rounds, on 12 May and 1 June 2025, under a two-round majoritarian system. If no candidate surpasses 50 per cent in the first round, a runoff is held between the top two contenders.
Singapore held general elections on 3 May 2025, in which 93 seats of the 104-seat unicameral parliament were contested. New MPs were elected from 15 single-seat and 18 multi-seat constituencies (known as group representation constituencies), each of which elected a list of three to six members by plurality vote. These lists normally include at least one member from a designated minority group. Elected candidates are to serve a five-year tenure.
The Republic of Suriname held a general election on 3 May 2025 for all 51 seats of the National Assembly.
On 9 February 2025, Kosovo held parliamentary elections for all 120 seats in the Assembly, using a direct proportional representation voting system (International IDEA n.d.a). 20 of the Assembly’s 120 seats are reserved for ethnic minorities in the country, which include Serbs (10 seats); Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians (4 seats); Bosniaks (3 seats), Turks (2 seats), and Gorans (1 seat).
