The Union of Comoros held presidential and gubernatorial (governor) elections on 14 January 2024. The President is directly elected by plurality vote in up to two rounds. In accordance with a controversial 2018 constitutional referendum, the presidency rotates between the islands of Comoros, but now a president’s five-year term is renewable once (consecutive) (IFES 2024; International IDEA n.d.).
Togo held elections for its National Assembly on 29 April 2024. Originally scheduled for the 20 April 2024, the election was postponed for nine days in connection with a far-reaching and contested constitutional reform whereby the government is headed by a new President of the Council of Ministers (PoCM)—selected by parliament, without debate—instead of a directly elected President. The change extends the term of incumbent President Faure Gnassingbé, who has been in power since 2005 and whose presidential term was due to expire in 2025.
Presidential elections in the Republic of Croatia were held on 29 December 2024. After no candidate won a majority in the first round, a second round was held on 12 January 2025 (International IDEA 2024; Tesija 2024).
Romania held parliamentary elections—to the Chamber of Deputies and Senate—on 1 December 2024. The bicameral parliament operates under a proportional (list) system with members elected for four years. Party quotas on gender balance are voluntary only – 22 per cent of seats in the lower house are currently held by women MPs (International IDEA n.d.a.).
Ghana conducted presidential and parliamentary elections (for all 276 seats) on 7 December 2024.
