
This Discussion Paper analyses the experience of the Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL) in electoral observation, in particular looking at the strengths and weaknesses of this regional civil-society led initiative in contributing towards the development of democracy in Asia.
Meanwhile, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is considering carrying out elections observation missions in the future.
The paper looks at the progress of democratization in South-East Asia; what ASEAN might learn from ANFREL’s electoral observation experience; and how official initiatives might complement civil society ones.

Contents
Introduction
ANFREL and ASEAN Basics
ASEAN, Democracy and Elections
ASEAN and Democracy
2011: Fresh Hope for ASEAN Democracy?
ASEAN and Electoral Observation
ASEAN Election Observation: Pros and Cons
Can ASEAN Learn from and Complement ANFREL?
Relevance and complementarities with ASEAN EOMs
Relevance and complementarities with ASEAN EOMs
Conclusion
List of interviewees
Bibliography