On 25 October 2025, Cote D’Ivoire held a presidential election to elect the head of state for a five-year term. According to official provisional results, incumbent President Alassane Ouattara secured a fourth term by receiving about 89.8 per cent of the vote (Chibelushi and Naadi 2025).
On 26 October 2025 Argentina held legislative elections to its bicameral National Congress, renewing half of the Chamber of Deputies (127 of 257 seats) and a third of the Senate (24 of 72 seats). Members are elected via proportional representation closed party-list. The elections are overseen by the Electoral Justice (Justicia Nacional Electoral), led by the National Electoral Chamber (Cámara Nacional Electoral)—the country’s highest electoral authority—and supported by 24 federal electoral courts.
On 30 November 2025, Honduras held general elections to choose the President and three vice-presidents as well as all 128 members of the National Congress and local officials. Additionally, 20 members of the Central American Parliament were elected indirectly. The President along with three running mates as vice-presidents are elected in one round by simple majority of votes.
Canada held an early federal parliamentary election on 28 April 2025 to elect members of the House of Commons.
The Federal Republic of Germany held parliamentary elections on 23 February 2025. Chancellor Olaf Scholz had lost a confidence vote on 16 December 2024, and the President Frank-Walter Steinmeier dissolved the parliament on 27 December.
Australia held federal elections on 3 May 2025 for both chambers of parliament, the Senate (76 seats) and the House of Representatives (150 seats). Australia uses a preferential voting system and has federal elections every three years (AI Australia n.d.). Candidates for the lower house must win an absolute majority, if necessary, by successively reallocating second preference votes.
Poland held its 2025 presidential election in two rounds, on 12 May and 1 June 2025, under a two-round majoritarian system. If no candidate surpasses 50 per cent in the first round, a runoff is held between the top two contenders.
Singapore held general elections on 3 May 2025, in which 93 seats of the 104-seat unicameral parliament were contested. New MPs were elected from 15 single-seat and 18 multi-seat constituencies (known as group representation constituencies), each of which elected a list of three to six members by plurality vote. These lists normally include at least one member from a designated minority group. Elected candidates are to serve a five-year tenure.
The Republic of Suriname held a general election on 3 May 2025 for all 51 seats of the National Assembly.
On 9 February 2025, Kosovo held parliamentary elections for all 120 seats in the Assembly, using a direct proportional representation voting system (International IDEA n.d.a). 20 of the Assembly’s 120 seats are reserved for ethnic minorities in the country, which include Serbs (10 seats); Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians (4 seats); Bosniaks (3 seats), Turks (2 seats), and Gorans (1 seat).
