On 4 March 2025, the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) held a general election to fill 10 of the 14 seats in its unicameral Congress for two-year terms. Micronesia employs a single-member district, first‑past‑the‑post system for these seats (IFES 2025).
On 3 June 2025, South Korea held a snap presidential election following the impeachment of President Yoon Suk-yeol by the National Assembly on 14 December 2024 and his subsequent removal from office by the Constitutional Court on 4 April 2025 (IFES 2025).
On 18 May 2025, Portuguese citizens went to the polls in a snap legislative election.
Guyana’s general elections, held on 1 September 2025, determined both the presidency and seats in the National Assembly. The country operates under a multi-party representative system and a semi-presidential parliamentary model. General and Regional elections are held every five years (International IDEA n.d.a).
On 3 September 2025, Jamaica held a general election to elect all 63 members of the lower chamber, the House of Representatives. The elections are conducted using a first-past-the-post electoral system and the elected members serve a five-year term (IPU n.d.).
On 8 September 2025, Norway held parliamentary elections to select all 169 members of the Storting, its unicameral parliament. Members of Parliament serve four-year terms and are elected through a proportional representation system. To enter parliament, parties must reach at least 4 per cent of the national vote (Valgdirektoratet 2025).
On 24 October 2025, Ireland held its presidential election. The president is elected for seven years (renewable once) through a single transferable vote system, which allows voters to rank the candidates based on their preferences (IFES 2025). Since Ireland is a parliamentary republic, presidential powers are limited and most of these are formal/ceremonial.
On 3 September 2025, Jamaica held a general election to elect all 63 members of the lower chamber, the House of Representatives. The elections are conducted using a first-past-the-post electoral system and the elected members serve a five-year term (IPU n.d.).
After the collapse of the previous right-wing government, the Netherlands held snap elections on 29 October 2025 (FGS Global 2025). The Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy with the government having executive power and the bicameral parliament holding legislative authority.
On 3–4 October 2025, Czechs went to the polls to vote in parliamentary elections. All 200 seats in the Chamber of Deputies were contested. The elections were conducted using a list proportional system with votes converted into seats according to the Imperiali quota, which is calculated by dividing the total number of votes by the number of seats plus two (Chamber of Deputies n.d.).
