Singapore held general elections on 3 May 2025, in which 93 seats of the 104-seat unicameral parliament were contested. New MPs were elected from 15 single-seat and 18 multi-seat constituencies (known as group representation constituencies), each of which elected a list of three to six members by plurality vote. These lists normally include at least one member from a designated minority group. Elected candidates are to serve a five-year tenure.
The Republic of Suriname held a general election on 3 May 2025 for all 51 seats of the National Assembly.
On 9 February 2025, Kosovo held parliamentary elections for all 120 seats in the Assembly, using a direct proportional representation voting system (International IDEA n.d.a). 20 of the Assembly’s 120 seats are reserved for ethnic minorities in the country, which include Serbs (10 seats); Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians (4 seats); Bosniaks (3 seats), Turks (2 seats), and Gorans (1 seat).
On 4 March 2025, the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) held a general election to fill 10 of the 14 seats in its unicameral Congress for two-year terms. Micronesia employs a single-member district, first‑past‑the‑post system for these seats (IFES 2025).
On 3 June 2025, South Korea held a snap presidential election following the impeachment of President Yoon Suk-yeol by the National Assembly on 14 December 2024 and his subsequent removal from office by the Constitutional Court on 4 April 2025 (IFES 2025).
On 18 May 2025, Portuguese citizens went to the polls in a snap legislative election.
Guyana’s general elections, held on 1 September 2025, determined both the presidency and seats in the National Assembly. The country operates under a multi-party representative system and a semi-presidential parliamentary model. General and Regional elections are held every five years (International IDEA n.d.a).
On 3 September 2025, Jamaica held a general election to elect all 63 members of the lower chamber, the House of Representatives. The elections are conducted using a first-past-the-post electoral system and the elected members serve a five-year term (IPU n.d.).
On 8 September 2025, Norway held parliamentary elections to select all 169 members of the Storting, its unicameral parliament. Members of Parliament serve four-year terms and are elected through a proportional representation system. To enter parliament, parties must reach at least 4 per cent of the national vote (Valgdirektoratet 2025).
On 24 October 2025, Ireland held its presidential election. The president is elected for seven years (renewable once) through a single transferable vote system, which allows voters to rank the candidates based on their preferences (IFES 2025). Since Ireland is a parliamentary republic, presidential powers are limited and most of these are formal/ceremonial.
