Albania held elections on 11 May 2025 for all 140 parliamentary seats. Legislative elections happen every four years and members are voted in through a regional proportional and multi-member system in 12 constituencies (IFES n.d.).
On 12 May 2025, the Philippines held mid-term general elections for 12 of 24 senate positions and all 317 seats in the House of Representatives (as well as local authorities).
Poland held its 2025 presidential election in two rounds, on 12 May and 1 June 2025, under a two-round majoritarian system. If no candidate surpasses 50 per cent in the first round, a runoff is held between the top two contenders.
Singapore held general elections on 3 May 2025, in which 93 seats of the 104-seat unicameral parliament were contested. New MPs were elected from 15 single-seat and 18 multi-seat constituencies (known as group representation constituencies), each of which elected a list of three to six members by plurality vote. These lists normally include at least one member from a designated minority group. Elected candidates are to serve a five-year tenure.
The Republic of Suriname held a general election on 3 May 2025 for all 51 seats of the National Assembly.
On 9 February 2025, Kosovo held parliamentary elections for all 120 seats in the Assembly, using a direct proportional representation voting system (International IDEA n.d.a). 20 of the Assembly’s 120 seats are reserved for ethnic minorities in the country, which include Serbs (10 seats); Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians (4 seats); Bosniaks (3 seats), Turks (2 seats), and Gorans (1 seat).
On 4 March 2025, the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) held a general election to fill 10 of the 14 seats in its unicameral Congress for two-year terms. Micronesia employs a single-member district, first‑past‑the‑post system for these seats (IFES 2025).
On 3 June 2025, South Korea held a snap presidential election following the impeachment of President Yoon Suk-yeol by the National Assembly on 14 December 2024 and his subsequent removal from office by the Constitutional Court on 4 April 2025 (IFES 2025).
On 18 May 2025, Portuguese citizens went to the polls in a snap legislative election.
Guyana’s general elections, held on 1 September 2025, determined both the presidency and seats in the National Assembly. The country operates under a multi-party representative system and a semi-presidential parliamentary model. General and Regional elections are held every five years (International IDEA n.d.a).
