The Moldovan president is elected through popular vote, for a maximum of two consecutive four-year terms. If no candidate wins a majority in the first round of voting, there is a second round between the two leading candidates.
Mozambique’s presidential, legislative and provincial elections took place on 9 October 2024. The president is elected by popular vote, after which the president appoints the prime minister. A unicameral parliament, the Assembly of the Republic’s 250 members are elected by proportional representation (Freedom House 2024).
Tunisia’s president is elected through a two-round majority vote. Constitutional changes took place in 2022, giving more power to the president and less to political parties. The 6 October 2024 election was the first presidential election since the new constitution, with three candidates running.
Austria held elections on 29 September 2024 for the National Council, the lower house of parliament. 183 seats are proportionally elected on a five-year term, as well as the Austrian chancellor who is nominated by the President after the elections (Parliament Austria n.d.).
The president of Sri Lanka is directly elected through a supplementary voting system: voters rank at least one, and up to three candidates in order of preference. If a candidate wins an absolute majority, they are declared the winner. If not, a second round is held to determine the winner between the top two, by transferring second or third preferences from candidates eliminated in the first round.
Kiribati has a unicameral parliament, the House of Assembly (Maneaba ni Maungatabu), which consists of 46 members. A two-round system throughout the 26 constituencies is used as a basis to elect 44 members of parliament. The legislature is responsible for appointing three to four presidential candidates (IFES 2024b).
The first round of France’s 2024 elections took place on 30 June, and the second round on 7 July.
On 4 July 2024, the United Kingdom (UK) held a general election for the 650 members of the House of Commons (lower house of parliament). A “First Past the Post” system is used for the election, whereby one seat represents a voting area.
On 29 June 2024 Mauritania held its presidential election. The president is elected on a 5-year term by a two-round system, and there is a requirement that the president must be Muslim. The election management body is the Independent Electoral Commission (CENI).
Parliamentary elections were held on the 28 June 2024 (International IDEA n.d.). Mongolia is a semi-presidential state with a president who is Head of State and a unicameral parliament, the State Ikh Khural.
