After the collapse of the previous right-wing government, the Netherlands held snap elections on 29 October 2025 (FGS Global 2025). The Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy with the government having executive power and the bicameral parliament holding legislative authority.

On 3–4 October 2025, Czechs went to the polls to vote in parliamentary elections. All 200 seats in the Chamber of Deputies were contested. The elections were conducted using a list proportional system with votes converted into seats according to the Imperiali quota, which is calculated by dividing the total number of votes by the number of seats plus two (Chamber of Deputies n.d.).

After a period of deep political polarization, especially regarding EU integration versus Russian influence, Moldova held parliamentary elections on 28 September 2025 (PACE 2025).

In May 2025, Romania held repeat presidential elections to select the country’s head of state. This followed the annulment of the 2024 presidential election on 6 December, just two days before the second and final round of votes was scheduled to take place. 

Heavy rain brought by tropical cyclone Mocha pounded the North, Northeast, and upper Central regions of Thailand during the general elections that were held on 14 May 2023. People had been warned in advance about the risk of flash floods (Nation Thailand 2023). 

Impact on electoral processes