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Pakistan’s Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) was supposed to help end technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) against women journalists, but, instead, it facilitates it. Passed by parliament in 2016, the PECA is Pakistan’s primary cybersecurity law, and a controversial one at that.

Since its first publication in 2013, the Annual Review of Constitution-Building has become a trusted global reference on how constitutions evolve, and what that evolution reveals about democracy, governance, and the rule of law around the world.

Desde su primera publicación en 2013, la Revista Anual sobre la Construcción Constitucional se ha convertido en una referencia global de confianza sobre la evolución de las constituciones y lo que esta evolución revela sobre la democracia, la gobernanza y el Estado de derecho en todo el mundo.

Over the past decade, information integrity has emerged as a cornerstone of healthy democracies, underpinning public trust, accountable governance and meaningful citizen participation. As digital spaces have become increasingly polluted by disinformation and fake content, exacerbated by the rapid rise of generative artificial intelligence, societies face growing challenges in distinguishing fact from fiction.

This discussion paper is a result of the work performed at the Democracy in South Asia Outlook Forum in Colombo, Sri Lanka, on 28–30 November 2024, convened by International IDEA and the Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA). The forum brought together a multidisciplinary group of experts from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

Pakistan’s history and geographic location have made it a major migration hub. From the mass movements triggered by partition to ongoing internal and international population flows, migration has shaped—and continues to shape—the country’s political, social and economic landscape.

Popular uprisings, protests and unconstitutional regime changes are common characteristics of political change and political life in Africa. The decade 2011–2021 has seen a wave of popular uprisings slamming against the bedrock of long-established autocratic regimes.

On the evening of 15 February 2022, reports emerged that key police and military officials in Djibouti were put under house arrest, reportedly amid fears of a coup d’état. This was the latest in the string of successful and attempted coups&nbsp