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Political Finance Database

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Turkey

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Bans and limits on private income

Public funding

Regulations of spending

Reporting, oversight and sanctions

Question	Value
1. Is there a ban on donations from foreign interests to political parties?	Code Yes Comment blank
2. Is there a ban on donations from foreign interests to candidates?	Code Yes Comment It seems the ban may only apply to partisan, not independent, candidates.
3. Is there a ban on corporate donations to political parties?	Code No Comment blank
4. Is there a ban on corporate donations to candidates?	Code No Comment .
5. Is there a ban on donations from Trade Unions to political parties?	Code No Comment .
6. Is there a ban on donations from Trade Unions to candidates?	Code No Comment .
7. Is there a ban on anonymous donations to political parties?	Code Yes Comment .
8. Is there a ban on anonymous donations to candidates?	Code No Comment .
9. Is there a ban on donations from corporations with government contracts to political parties?	Code Yes Source Art 66, 'Genel ve katma b?t?eli dairelerle mahalli idareler ve muhtarliklar, kamu iktisadi tesebb?sleri, ?zel kanunla veya ?zel kanunla verilen yetkiye dayanilarak kurulmus bankalar ve diger kuruluslar, kamu iktisadi tesebb?s? sayilmamakla beraber ?denmis sermayesinin bir kismi Devlete veya bu fikrada adi ge?en kurum, idare, tesebb?s, banka veya kuruluslara ait m?esseseler, siyasi partilere hi?bir suretle tasinir veya tasinmaz mal veya nakit veya haklar bagislayamaz ve bu gibi mal veya haklarin kullanilmasini bedelsiz olarak birakamazlar; bagli olduklari kanun h?k?mleri disinda siyasi partilere ayni haklarin devrine dair tasarruflarda bulunamazlar. Kamu kurumu niteligindeki meslek kuruluslari, is?i ve isveren sendikalari ile bunlarin ?st kuruluslari, dernekler, vakiflar ve kooperatifler, ?zel kanunlarinda yer alan h?k?mlere uymak kosuluyla siyasi partilere maddi yardim ve bagista bulunabilirler.Yukaridaki fikranin disinda kalan ger?ek ve t?zel kisilerin her birinin bir siyasi partiye ayni yil i?erisinde iki milyar liradan fazla kiymette ayni veya nakdi bagista bulunmasi (Ek ibare: 2/1/2003-4778/8 md.) veya yayinlari kullandirmasi yasaktir. Bagis veya bagislarin bagista bulunana veya yetkili temsilcisine veya vekiline ait oldugunun partice verilen makbuzda a?ik?a belirtilmesi gerekir. B?yle bir belgeye dayanilmaksizin siyasi partilerce bagis kabul edilemez.(Ek c?mle: 13/2/2011-6111/181 md.) Siyasi partilerin adina a?ilmis banka hesaplarina yapilan bagislar i?in ayrica gelir makbuzu d?zenlenmez.Siyasi partiler, yabanci devletlerden, uluslararasi kuruluslardan, T?rk uyruklugunda olmayan ger?ek ve t?zel kisilerden herhangi bir suretle ayni veya nakdi yardim ve bagis alamazlar.' (Source: Law on Political Parties (Law 2820))
10. Is there a ban on donations from corporations with government contracts to candidates?	Code No Source P 20, 'campaign financing of individual candidates for election is out of the scope of the LPP and not regulated at all. The different electoral laws applicable to parliamentary and local elections... are completely silent on this matter. The lack of regulation and control of election campaign funding at national and local level concerns both independent candidates and individual party candidates, who are not ? except for one single criminal provision37 ? explicitly addressed by the provisions of the LPP... new transparency regulations for parliamentary, presidential and local election campaigns need to be compatible with the existing rules of the LPP on permitted and prohibited funding sources (including a ban on anonymous donations), donation ceilings, accounting and reporting obligations.' [footnote 37 shows that the exception relates to partisan candidates receiving foreign donations] (Source: GRECO (2010) Evaluation Report on Turkey, Transparency of Party Funding (Theme II))
11. Is there a ban on donations from corporations with partial government ownership to political parties?	Code Yes Source Art 66, 'Genel ve katma b?t?eli dairelerle mahalli idareler ve muhtarliklar, kamu iktisadi tesebb?sleri, ?zel kanunla veya ?zel kanunla verilen yetkiye dayanilarak kurulmus bankalar ve diger kuruluslar, kamu iktisadi tesebb?s? sayilmamakla beraber ?denmis sermayesinin bir kismi Devlete veya bu fikrada adi ge?en kurum, idare, tesebb?s, banka veya kuruluslara ait m?esseseler, siyasi partilere hi?bir suretle tasinir veya tasinmaz mal veya nakit veya haklar bagislayamaz ve bu gibi mal veya haklarin kullanilmasini bedelsiz olarak birakamazlar; bagli olduklari kanun h?k?mleri disinda siyasi partilere ayni haklarin devrine dair tasarruflarda bulunamazlar. Kamu kurumu niteligindeki meslek kuruluslari, is?i ve isveren sendikalari ile bunlarin ?st kuruluslari, dernekler, vakiflar ve kooperatifler, ?zel kanunlarinda yer alan h?k?mlere uymak kosuluyla siyasi partilere maddi yardim ve bagista bulunabilirler.Yukaridaki fikranin disinda kalan ger?ek ve t?zel kisilerin her birinin bir siyasi partiye ayni yil i?erisinde iki milyar liradan fazla kiymette ayni veya nakdi bagista bulunmasi (Ek ibare: 2/1/2003-4778/8 md.) veya yayinlari kullandirmasi yasaktir. Bagis veya bagislarin bagista bulunana veya yetkili temsilcisine veya vekiline ait oldugunun partice verilen makbuzda a?ik?a belirtilmesi gerekir. B?yle bir belgeye dayanilmaksizin siyasi partilerce bagis kabul edilemez.(Ek c?mle: 13/2/2011-6111/181 md.) Siyasi partilerin adina a?ilmis banka hesaplarina yapilan bagislar i?in ayrica gelir makbuzu d?zenlenmez.Siyasi partiler, yabanci devletlerden, uluslararasi kuruluslardan, T?rk uyruklugunda olmayan ger?ek ve t?zel kisilerden herhangi bir suretle ayni veya nakdi yardim ve bagis alamazlar.' (Source: Law on Political Parties (Law 2820))
12. Is there a ban on donations from corporations with partial government ownership to candidates?	Code No Source P 20, 'campaign financing of individual candidates for election is out of the scope of the LPP and not regulated at all. The different electoral laws applicable to parliamentary and local elections... are completely silent on this matter. The lack of regulation and control of election campaign funding at national and local level concerns both independent candidates and individual party candidates, who are not ? except for one single criminal provision37 ? explicitly addressed by the provisions of the LPP... new transparency regulations for parliamentary, presidential and local election campaigns need to be compatible with the existing rules of the LPP on permitted and prohibited funding sources (including a ban on anonymous donations), donation ceilings, accounting and reporting obligations.' [footnote 37 shows that the exception relates to partisan candidates receiving foreign donations] (Source: GRECO (2010) Evaluation Report on Turkey, Transparency of Party Funding (Theme II))
13. Is there a ban on the use of state resources in favour or against a political party or candidate?	Code Yes
14. Is there a limit on the amount a donor can contribute to a political party during a non-election specific period?	Code Yes, for both natural and legal persons Comment Limit does not apply to certain organisations. Source P 10, 'Section 66, paragraph 2 LPP establishes a ceiling for the total amount of donations which may be made by one natural or legal person to a political party in a calendar year, i.e. 23,473 TYR/10,908 EUR in 2009; this amount is increased as of the beginning of every calendar year at a value determined and announced in line with the provisions of the Tax Procedures Law.21 The aforementioned ceiling does not apply to certain organisationsmentioned above (e.g. professional organisations in the form of public institutions, trade unions and employers? associations etc., see paragraph 21 above) which may contribute to political parties in accordance with the special provisions of their founding law.' (Source: GRECO (2010) Evaluation Report on Turkey, Transparency of Party Funding (Theme II))
15. If there is a limit on the amount a donor can contribute to a political party during a non-election specific period, what is the limit?	Code Limit is announced every year. Comment . Source Kas?m Erdem (Researcher, Department of Research Services, Grand National Assemblyof Turkey)
16. Is there a limit on the amount a donor can contribute to a political party during an election?	Code No Comment Regular limit applies Source P 7, [The] '...general rules on financing of political parties also apply to their electioncampaign funding. The election laws do not provide for any specific rules in this respect...' (Source: GRECO (2010) Evaluation Report on Turkey, Transparency of Party Funding (Theme II))
17. If there is a limit on the amount a donor can contribute to a political party during an election, what is the limit?	Code Not applicable
18. Is there a limit on the amount a donor can contribute to a candidate?	Code No Comment .
19. If there is a limit on the amount a donor can contribute to a candidate, what is the limit?	Code Not applicable
20. Is there a limit on the amount a candidate can contribute to their own election campaign?
21. Is there a limit on in-kind donations to political parties?
22. Is there a limit on in-kind donations to candidates?
23. Is there a ban on political parties engaging in commercial activities?
24. Is there a ban on political parties taking loans in relation to election campaigns?
25. Is there a ban on candidates taking loans in relation to election campaigns?
26. Is there a ban on donors to political parties/candidates participating in public tender/procurement processes?
27. Are there provisions requiring donations to go through the banking system?

Question	Value
28. Are there provisions for direct public funding to political parties?	Code Yes, both regularly and in relation to campaigns
29. What are the eligibility criteria for political parties to receive public funding?	Code Share of votes in previous election Comment ?3% of valid votes in the last general elections.
30. What is the allocation calculation for political parties to receive public funding?	Code Proportional to votes received Comment Proportional to votes received in previous election.
31. What are the provisions on 'ear marking' direct public funding to political parties (how it should be used)?	Code No
32. Are there provisions for free or subsidized access to media for political parties?	Code Yes
33. What criteria determine allocation for free or subsidized access to media for political parties?	Code Other Comment Proportional distribution, exact details unclear.
34. Are there provisions for free or subsidized access to media for candidates?	Code No
35. Are there provisions for any other form of indirect public funding?	Code Yes Comment .
36. Is the provision of direct public funding to political parties tied to gender equality among candidates?	Code No Comment .
37. Are there provisions for other financial advantages to encourage gender equality in political parties?	Code No Comment .

Question	Value
38. Is there a ban on vote buying?	Code Yes
39. Are there limits on the amount a political party can spend?	Code No Comment .
40. If there are limits on the amount a political party can spend, what is the limit?	Code Not applicable
41. Are there limits on the amount a candidate can spend?	Code No Comment .
42. If there are limits on the amount a candidate can spend, what is the limit?	Code Not applicable
43. Are there limits on the amount that third parties can spend on election campaign activities?
44. Are there limits on traditional media advertising spending in relation to election campaigns?
45. Are there limits on online media advertising spending in relation to election campaigns?
46. Do any other restrictions on online media advertisement (beyond limits) exist?

Question	Value
47. Do political parties have to report regularly on their finances?	Code Yes Comment The final accounts of political parties must be prepared so as to illustrate the previous year’s revenues and expenditures.
48. Do political parties have to report on their election campaign finances?	Code No Comment No specific election-related reports. Campaign finances included in annual reports.
49. Do candidates have to report on their election campaign finances?	Code Yes Comment Applicable to presidential candidates within ten days after the finalization of election results.
50. Do third parties have to report on election campaign finances?
51. Is information in reports from political parties and/or candidates to be made public?	Code Yes Comment Reports are published in the Official Gazette, printed and online, and on the website of the Constitutional Court.
52. Must reports from political parties and/or candidates reveal the identity of donors?	Code Yes Comment .
53. Must reports from political parties and/or candidates include information on itemized income?
54. Must reports from political parties and/or candidates include information on itemized spending?
55. Which institution(s) receives financial reports from political parties and/or candidates?	Code Special agency for political finance Court Other Comment Constitutional Court, Office of the Chief Public Prosecutor and the Supreme Election Board.
56. Which institution(s) is responsible for examining financial reports and/or investigating violations?	Code Court Comment Constitutional Court
57. What power is granted to the institution(s) responsible for examining reports and/or investigating violations?
58. What sanctions are provided for political finance infractions?	Code Fines Prison Loss of public funding Deregistration of party Loss of political rights Other Comment A warning can be used as a first sanction. Further sanctions range from fines to imprisonment and the deregistration of political parties. Persons can be banned from being nominated as candidates.

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