On 6 February 2023, with a nine-hour interval, two earthquakes measuring 7.8 and 7.5 on the Richter scale struck southern Türkiye. The earthquakes struck approximately four months before the country’s 2023 presidential and legislative elections.
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Despite widespread claims that parliamentary systems with an indirectly elected president produce better outcomes for democratic governance, constitutional reform to move away from a directly elected president to an indirectly elected president is extremely rare.
International IDEA and the Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development (CIPDD) organized a conference in Tbilisi, Georgia, in 2005 on constitutional and political reform in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. It was dedicated to the exchange of information about the reform process in the three South Caucasus countries and the prospects for their European integration.