Coding Instructions

Code “Yes” in following cases:

• If political parties are not allowed to receive donations from one or more of the following: foreign citizens, foreign companies, foreign governments or foreign organisations.
• If donations from some but not all of the above are banned. Give details in an external comment.
• If it is stated that such entities are banned from giving support, contributions or donations to political parties.
• If legislation includes an exhaustive list of allowed sources of income for political parties, and this only includes national sources (such as “citizens” or “natural and judicial persons from X-land”). By an “exhaustive list” is meant where it is stated something like “political parties are only allowed to receive income from the following sources” or vague) “parties may receive funding from the following sources”. If it says something like “allowed sources for political parties include...” it is not exhaustive.

Note: Regulation on this matter may be found in a political party law. In some countries, this issue is regulated in the Constitution, normally in a section specifically on political parties. Note that rules regarding whether or not citizens of the country in question living abroad can donate are not relevant for this question.

Code “Yes” in following cases:

• If candidates are not allowed to receive donations from one or more of the following: foreign citizens, foreign companies, foreign governments or foreign organisations.
• If donations from some but not all of the above are banned, and give details in an external comment.
• If such entities are banned from giving support, contributions or donations to candidates.
• If legislation includes an exhaustive list of allowed sources of income for candidates, and this only includes national sources (such as “citizens” or “natural and judicial persons from X-land”). By an “exhaustive list” is meant where it is stated something like “candidates are only allowed to receive income from the following sources” “candidates may receive funding from the following sources”. If it says something like “allowed sources for candidates include...” it is not exhaustive.

Note: Regulation on this matter for candidates will almost always be found in the electoral law. In some countries, this issue is regulated in the Constitution, normally in a section specifically on elections. Note that rules regarding whether or not citizens of the country in question living abroad can donate are not relevant for this question.

Code “Yes” in following cases:

• If you find information that political parties are not allowed to receive donations from corporations, companies and/or business enterprises.
• If it is stated that such entities are banned from giving support, contributions or donations to political parties. This includes bans on either or both of monetary and in-kind donations.
• If legislation includes an exhaustive list of allowed sources of income for political parties, and this does not include the above or “judicial persons”. By an “exhaustive list” is meant where it is stated something like “political parties are only allowed to receive income from the following sources” or “parties may receive funding from the following sources”. If it says something like “allowed sources for political parties include...” it is not exhaustive.

Note that a regulation of this issue for political parties may be found in a political party law. In some countries, this issue is regulated in the Constitution, normally in a section specifically on political parties.

Code “No” in following cases:

• If you find information about allowed or banned sources for political parties and there is no mention about the sources mentioned above.
• If the regulations only ban donations from state-owned or public corporations etc.

Code “Yes” in following cases:

• If you find information that candidates are not allowed to receive donations from corporations, companies and/or business enterprises.
• If it is stated that such entities are banned from giving support, contributions or donations to candidates. This includes bans on either or both of monetary and in-kind donations.
• If legislation includes an exhaustive list of allowed sources of income for candidates, and this does not include the above or “judicial persons”. By an “exhaustive list” is meant where it is stated something like “candidates are only allowed to receive income from the following sources” or “candidates may receive funding from the following sources”. If it says something like “allowed sources for candidates include...” it is not exhaustive.

Note that a regulation of this issue for candidates (if it is regulated) will almost always be found in the electoral law. In some countries, this issue is regulated in the Constitution, normally in a section specifically on elections.

Note that if you find information that corporate funding is banned from being used in election campaigns, but it is not explicitly stated or clear from the context that it relates specifically to political parties or candidates, code “Yes” for both this and the preceding question.

Code “No” in the following cases:

• If you find information about allowed or banned sources for candidates and there is no mention about the sources mentioned above.
• If the regulations only ban donations from state-owned or public corporations etc.

Code “Yes” in the following cases:

• If you find information that political parties are not allowed to receive donations from trade unions, workers' organisations etc.
• If it is stated that such entities are banned from giving support, contributions or donations to political parties.
• If legislation includes an exhaustive list of allowed sources of income for political parties, and this does not include any of the above. By an “exhaustive list” is meant where it is stated something like “political parties are only allowed to receive income from the following sources” or vague) “parties may receive funding from the following sources”. If it says something like “allowed sources for political parties include...” it is not exhaustive.

Note that if you find information that trade union funding is banned from being used in election campaigns, but it is not explicitly stated or clear from the context that it relates specifically to political parties or candidates, code “Yes” for both this and the following question.

Code “Yes” in the following cases:

• If you find information that candidates are not allowed to receive donations from trade unions, workers' organisations etc.
• If it is stated that such entities are banned from giving support, contributions or donations to candidates.
• If legislation includes an exhaustive list of allowed sources of income for candidates, and this does not include any of the above. By an “exhaustive list” is meant where it is stated something like “candidates are only allowed to receive income from the following sources” or (more vague) “candidates may receive funding from the following sources”. If it says something like “allowed sources for candidates include...” it is not exhaustive.

Note that if you find information that from trade unions funding is banned from being used in election campaigns, but it is not explicitly stated or clear from the context that it relates specifically to political parties or candidates, code “Yes” for both this and the preceding question.

Code “Yes” in the following cases:

• If you find information that political parties are not allowed to receive donations from anonymous or unnamed sources.
• If it is stated that support, contributions or donations to political parties cannot be given anonymously.
• If it is regulated that political parties must be able to provide names or to identify the source of all donations (a de facto ban on anonymous donations).

Code “Not applicable” in following cases:

• If only candidates/individuals are allowed to participate in politics (such as the case of Tuvalu).
• If parties are fully funded by state resources

Code “Yes” in the following cases:

• If you find information that candidates are not allowed to receive donations from anonymous or unnamed sources.
• If it is stated that support, contributions or donations to candidates cannot be given anonymously.
• If it is regulated that candidates must be able to provide names or to identify the source of all donations (a de facto ban on anonymous donations).

Code “Not applicable” in following cases:

• If all donations must be received by political parties and candidates are not entitled to directly receive contributions from donors
• If election campaigns are fully funded by state resources

Code “Yes” in following cases:

• If you find information that political parties are not allowed to receive donations from corporations, companies or business enterprises that have public/government contracts.
• If it is stated that such entities are banned from giving support, contributions or donations to political parties.
• If legislation includes an exhaustive list of allowed sources of income for political parties, and this does not include the above. By an “exhaustive list” is meant where it is stated something like “political parties are only allowed to receive income from the following sources” or “parties may receive funding from the following sources”. If it says something like “allowed sources for political parties include...” it is not exhaustive.

Note that this question does not relate to donations from direct government sources such as ministries, government agencies or public companies.

Code “Yes” in following cases:

• if you find information that candidates are not allowed to receive donations from corporations, companies or business enterprises that have public/government contracts.
• If it is stated that such entities are banned from giving support, contributions or donations to candidates.
• If legislation includes an exhaustive list of allowed sources of income for candidates, and this does not include the above. By an “exhaustive list” is meant where it is stated something like “candidates are only allowed to receive income from the following sources” or (more vague) “candidates may receive funding from the following sources”. If it says something like “allowed sources for candidates include...” it is not exhaustive.

Note that this question does not relate to donations from direct government sources such as ministries, government agencies or public companies.

Code “Yes” in following cases:

• If you find information that political parties are not allowed to receive donations from corporations, companies or business enterprises that are partly owned or controlled by the government.
• If it is stated that such entities are banned from giving support, contributions or donations to political parties.
• If legislation includes an exhaustive list of allowed sources of income for political parties, and this does not include the above. By an “exhaustive list” is meant where it is stated something like “political parties are only allowed to receive income from the following sources” or (more vague) “parties may receive funding from the following sources”. If it says something like “allowed sources for political parties include...” it is not exhaustive.

Note that this question does not relate to donations from direct government sources such as ministries, government agencies or public companies.

Code “No” in following cases

• If you find information about allowed or banned sources for political parties and there is no mention about the sources mentioned above
• If the regulations only ban donations from state-owned or public corporations etc.

Code “Yes” in following cases:

• If you find information that candidates are not allowed to receive donations from corporations, companies or business enterprises that are partly owned or controlled by the government.
• If it is stated that such entities are banned from giving support, contributions or donations to candidates.
• If legislation includes an exhaustive list of allowed sources of income for candidates, and this does not include the above. By an “exhaustive list” is meant where it is stated something like “candidates are only allowed to receive income from the following sources” or (more vague) “candidates may receive funding from the following sources”. If it says something like “allowed sources for candidates include...” it is not exhaustive.

Note that this question does not relate to donations from direct government sources such as ministries, government agencies or public companies (companies with full government ownership).

Code “No” in following cases:

• If you find information about allowed or banned sources for candidates and there is no mention about the sources mentioned above. Also code “No” if the regulations only ban donations from state-owned or public corporations et

Code “Yes” if there are any regulations against the use of state resources to favour a particular political party or candidate, whether or not it is in relation to elections or who is using these resources. This could for example include;

• A general ban on using state resources in favour of a political party or candidate
• A ban on government vehicles being used in election campaigns
• A ban on campaigning taking place at government facilities (unless same access given to all contestants)
• A ban on civil servants or state employees to campaign while on duty/during office hours
• A ban on public media giving biased coverage in relation to political parties or elections, or a requirement for public media to be neutral in its reporting (regulations of private media are not relevant in this regard).

(Give details in an external comment).

Note that this type of regulation may not be in the same place as information about political party or campaign finance. There may for example be a separate section on this issue, or information may be included among a list of election offences (such a list is often found towards the end of electoral laws).

The provision of regulated direct or indirect public funding to all eligible political party is not relevant for this question.

Code “Yes for natural persons” if there are any regulations limiting the amounts that an individual can donate/contribute to a political party for a certain time period, not specifically in relation to elections.

Give information about the contribution limit in an external comment (in the currency used in the regulation, noting which one that is) and add what the time period the limit is for, and any other information.

Code “Not applicable” in following cases:

• If you code “No” on question 14.
• If you code “Not applicable” on question 14.

Code “Yes, for natural persons” if there are any regulations specific for election campaigns, limiting the amounts that an individual can donate/contribute to a political party in relation to elections.

Give information about the contribution limit in an external comment (in the currency used in the regulation, noting which one that is) and add what the time period the limit is for, and any other information.

Code “Not applicable” in following cases:

• If only candidates/individuals are allowed to participate in politics (i.e. there is no political party).
• If all donations in relation to elections are banned.

Give information about the contribution limit to political parties (in the currency used in the regulation, noting which one that is) and add information such as if the limit is per constituency, per candidate or per voter. If the limit is expressed as a calculation (for example 100 times the minimum wage), code that.

If you find no information about the limit (such as if it is stated that the limit is to be set by an institution), code “No data” and give details in an external comment.

Code “Not applicable” in following cases:

• If you code “No” on question 16.
• If you code “Not applicable” on question 16.

Code “Yes, for natural persons” if there are any regulations limiting the amounts that an individual can donate/contribute to a candidate in relation to elections.

Give information about the contribution limit to candidates in an external comment (in the currency used in the regulation, noting which one that is) and add information such as if the limit is per constituency, or per voter. If the limit is expressed as a calculation (for example 100 times the minimum wage), make a note of that.

Code “Not applicable” in following cases:

• If all donations must be received by political parties and candidates are not entitled to directly receive contributions from donors.
• If election campaigns are fully funded by state resources

Code “Not applicable” in following cases:

• If you code “No” on question 18.
• If you code “Not applicable” on question 18.

Code “No” in following cases:

• If you have coded “No” to Q18.
• If there is a limit on the amount that can be donated to candidates, but it is not mentioned that this limit applies to the candidates themselves.
• If it is regulated that candidates must transfer donations to a specific campaign account, but there is no mention of a limit on the amount that can be transferred. Add information about the regulation in the comments section.

Code “Not applicable” in following cases:

• If all donations must be received by political parties and candidates are not entitled to directly receive contributions from private donors.
• If all private donations are banned/that election campaigns are fully funded by state resources.

Code “Yes” in following cases:

• If there is a provision that donations can only be given to political parties in the form of cash or monetary transfers, or that political parties can only receive donations in the form of cash or monetary transfers.
• If it is stated that any donations in the form of good and services are prohibited.
• If you have answered “Yes” to either Q17 or Q18, and regulations provide that the value of donations in the form of goods or services should be included in the value of this donation limit(s).

Code “No” in following cases:

• If the list of permitted sources of party income include donations in the form of good and services, and there is no limitation on the type of such donations that can be given or of their value.
• If there is no mention at all about donations in the form of goods or services in the regulations.

Code “Not applicable” in following cases:

• If only candidates/individuals are allowed to participate in politics (i.e. there is no political party).
• If you find that all private donations are banned/that all expenses related to election campaigns are fully funded by state resources such as the case of Uzbekistan.

Code “Yes” in following cases:

• If there is a provision that donations can only be given to candidates in the form of cash or monetary transfers, or that candidates can only receive donations in the form of cash or monetary transfers, or if it is stated that any donations in the form of good and services are prohibited.
• If you have answered “Yes” to Q20, and regulations provide that the value of donations in the form of goods or services should be included in the value of this donation limit(s).

Code “No” in following cases:

• If the list of permitted sources of party income include donations in the form of good and services, and there is no limitation on the type of such donations that can be given or of their value.
• If there is no mention at all about donations in the form of goods or services in the regulations.

Code “Not applicable” in following cases:

• If all donations must be received by political parties and candidates are not entitled to directly receive contributions from donors
• If election campaigns are fully funded by state resources.

Code “Yes” in following cases:

• if there is a regulation that political parties are banned from participating or engaging in any commercial or business activities.
• If legislation includes an exhaustive list of allowed sources of income for political parties, and this does not include income from business or commercial activities. By an “exhaustive list” is meant where it is stated something like “political parties are only allowed to receive income from the following sources” or (more vague) “political parties may receive funding from the following sources”. If it says something like “allowed sources for political parties include...” it is not exhaustive.

Code “No” if there are provisions that political parties are allowed to engage in commercial or business activities, without any further details or limitations.

Also, code “No” if there is no mention about the engagement of political parties in commercial or business activities.

Code “Yes” in following cases:

• If the regulations note that political parties are banned from taking loans.
• If legislation includes an exhaustive list of allowed sources of income, and this does not include loans. By an “exhaustive list” is meant where it is stated something like “political parties are only allowed to receive income from the following sources” or (vaguer) “political parties may receive funding from the following sources”. If it says something like “allowed sources for political parties include...” it is not exhaustive.

Code “No” in following cases:

• If the regulations state that loans may be obtained by political parties or candidates, and no limitations are provided.
• If the issue of loans is not addressed in the regulations regarding income for political parties.

Code “Yes” in following cases:

• If the regulations note that candidates are banned from taking loans.
• If legislation includes an exhaustive list of allowed sources of income, and this does not include loans. By an “exhaustive list” is meant where it is stated something like “candidates are only allowed to receive income from the following sources” or (vaguer) “candidates may receive funding from the following sources”. If it says something like “allowed sources for candidates include...” it is not exhaustive.

Code “No” in following cases:

• If the regulations state that loans may be obtained by candidates, and no limitations are provided.
• If the issue of loans is not addressed in the regulations regarding income for candidates.

Code “Yes” if there are provisions that individuals or entities that have made donations to political parties or candidates are banned from participating in public tender or public procurement processes.

Note that information about this issue is normally not included in legislation used to answer many other questions, for example political party, electoral or political finance legislation. It is more likely that regulations on this issue is included in legislation on public procurement, or on administrative processes.

Code “Yes” in following cases:

• If there are provisions that all donations to political parties AND candidates must be made via a bank, or that they must be made via bank transfers or cheques, or if donations must not be made in cash,
• If rules provide that political parties AND candidates must only receive donations that are made in this way.
• If it is noted that such restrictions apply to all monetary or “non-in-kind” donations.

Code “No public funding available” in following cases:

• If a list of permitted sources of income of a political party does not include any mention of public funding and no information about public funding can be found.
• If a law mentions that public funding “may” or “could” be provided, but then make an external comment explaining this.

Give the basis used to establish eligibility for political parties to access direct funding (or “who has the right to receive”). Code all options that apply, provide details in an external comment.

In case the answer “Both” was given in Q30 and the allocation criteria is different for the two types of direct public funding, please state clearly what the regulations are for campaign support and for regular assistance separately in an external comment.

Code “Representation in elected body” if the eligibility criteria is that a political party must have representation in an elected body.

Code “No data” if you code “No data” on Q28.

Code “No data” if you cannot find information, or if it is stated that the eligibility criteria is decided by a particular institution.

This question refers to how the public funding is distributed between those that have a right to receive it.

Public funding can be provided equally to all eligible political parties; totally in proportion to something like seats or votes won; or (most commonly) a combination of the two. There are a lot of different ways that allocation can be done. If you find information about the allocation criteria, give information as below.

If more than one criterion is used, code all the applicable options.

Code “Equal” if public funding is provided equally to all.

If there are details about how the public funding should be divided between political parties, provide a brief explanation in an external comment. If some of the funds are provided equally and some proportionally, also note the percentage of the funds thatare allocated proportionally.

In case the answer “Yes, both regularly and in relation to campaigns” was given in Q28 and the allocation criteria is different for the two types of direct public funding, please state clearly what the regulations are for campaign support and for regular assistance separately in an external comment.

Code “No data” in following cases:

• If you code “No data” on Q28.
• If you cannot find any details.

If it is noted that direct public funding provided to political parties must only be used for certain purposes, code which. Code all options that apply, provide details in an external comment.

Code “Campaign Spending” if it is stated that the money must be used for election campaign purposes.

In case the answer “Both” was given in Q30 and the allocation criteria is different for the two types of direct public funding, please state clearly what the regulations are for campaign support and for regular assistance separately in an external comment.

Code “No data” in following cases:

• if you code “No data” on Q28.
• If you cannot find information.

Code “Yes” if political parties are entitled to free or subsidised access to public or private TV, radio, newspaper or other media, regardless of whether this is in relation to election campaigns or not. Note details in an external comment. A provision that media outlets should treat political parties without bias would not be relevant for this question.

Add details as external comments, for example if media access is extended not only to public but also to private media.

Information about this issue is sometimes not listed together with general political party or campaign finance provisions; sometimes it is regulated in an electoral law (or similar) in paragraphs that relate to the role of media in elections.

Code “No data” in following cases:

• If you code “No data” on Q32.
• If you cannot find information.

Code “Yes” if candidates are entitled to free or subsidized access to public or private TV, radio, newspaper or other media, regardless of whether this is in relation to election campaigns or not. Note details in an external comment. A provision that media outlets should treat candidates without bias would not be relevant for this question.

Add details as external comments, for example if media access is extended not only to public but also to private media).

Information about this issue is sometimes not listed together with general political party or campaign finance provisions; sometimes it is regulated in an electoral law (or similar) in paragraphs that relate to the role of media in elections.

Code “Yes” if you find information of any form of support, assistance or benefit from the state to either or both of political parties or of candidates not covered by the preceding questions.

This could for example be:

• Political parties/candidates being exempt from tax or custom duties, or receiving other tax benefits (this could include statements that political parties or candidates do not have to pay income tax or VAT)
• Donors to political parties/candidates receiving tax benefits from donations (for example that donors can deduct donations to parties or candidates from their taxes).
• Provision of free or subsidized transport, postage, office space, areas for events, poster.

If you code “Yes”, you must give details in an external comment.

Code “Yes” if there are provisions that political parties will receive additional public funding if they meet criteria relating to gender equality among their candidates, or if political parties risk losing all or some of their public funding if they do not reach such criteria. Explain the criteria briefly, noting both the sanction/reward and the definition of gender equality to be used.

Examples include reduced funding if gender inequality among candidates/ extra funding added for parties with gender equality among candidates/earmarking of funds for gender equality activities. A search in each law for “women”, “gender” and “sex” may be useful.

Code “No data” in following cases:

• If you code “No data” on Q28.
• If you judge that there may likely be regulations you have not been able to access about this issue.

This question relates to regulations that are explicitly aimed at increasing gender equality in the activities or organisation of political parties.

Code “Yes, funding to women's wings” If there is provision that public funding (direct or indirect) is to be given especially to the Women's Wing (or similar) of a political party.

Give additional information in an external comment (you must do so if you have coded “other”).

A search in each law for the terms “women”, “gender” and “sex” may be useful.

If more than one alternative applies, code all of them.

Code “Yes” if there is a ban on bribing or influencing/inducing voters to vote in a certain manner.

Note that this information is not normally found among regular political party or campaign finance provisions. Often bans of this type are found in a list of election offences or similar, which tends to be placed towards the end of election laws.

Code “No” in following cases:

• If no such provisions exist.
• If there is a ban on political parties or candidates to incur certain expenses such as charitable spending in relation to elections, but there is no necessary connection made between such spending and exerting influence on how people vote.

Code “Not applicable” if you code “Not applicable” on Q39.

Give information about the spending limit for political parties (in the currency used in the regulation, noting which one that is) and add if the limit is for a certain time period, for an election and also if it is per constituency or per voter etc. If a certain formula is used to calculate the spending limit, include this in an external comment.

Code “No data” in following cases:

• If you find no information about the limit (such as if it is stated that the limit is to be set by an institution). Give details in an external comment.
• If you code “No data” on Q39.

Code “Yes” in following cases:

• If there are any regulations limiting the amounts that an election candidate can spend, either for a certain time period or in relation to an election.
• If such limits only apply to certain candidates (give details in an external comment).

Code “No data” in following cases:

• If you code “No data” on Q41.
• I you find no information about the limit (such as if it is stated that the limit is to be set by an institution). Give details in an external comment.

By “third party” is here meant any person or entity other than a political party or candidate, or a person acting on behalf of a party or candidate in an official capacity (such as a party official or a candidate representative) which engages in election campaigning or in spending resources in relation to an election campaign in favour of or against a political party or contestant.

Code “Yes, third parties banned from campaign spending” if there is a provision that third parties are banned from engaging in any campaign activities.

By “traditional media” is meant print and broadcast media.

Code “Yes, for political parties” in following cases:

• If there are regulations that political parties cannot spend more than a certain amount, or more than a certain percentage of their total campaign spending, on traditional media advertising.
• If there are regulations that political parties cannot purchase more than a certain number of minutes per day or other limitations on the amount of traditional media advertising that can be purchased.
• If there is a regulation that political parties cannot spend more than a certain share of their advertising spending on any one traditional media outlet.

Code “Yes, for candidates” in following cases:

• If there are regulations that candidates cannot spend more than a certain amount, or more than a certain percentage of their total campaign spending, on traditional media advertising.
• If there are regulations that candidates cannot purchase more than a certain number of minutes per day or other limitations on the amount of traditional media advertising that can be purchased.
• If there is a regulation that political parties cannot spend more than a certain share of their advertising spending on any one traditional media outlet.

• By “online media” is meant internet/online and social media.
• Code “Yes, for political parties” in following cases:
• If there are regulations that parties cannot spend more than a certain amount, or more than a certain percentage of their total campaign spending, on online media advertising.
• If there are regulations that parties cannot purchase more than a certain number of minutes per day or other limitations on the amount of online media advertising that can be purchased.
• If there is a regulation that candidates cannot spend more than a certain share of their advertising spending on any one online media outlet.

• Code “Yes, for candidates” if there are regulations that candidates cannot spend more than a certain amount, or more than a certain percentage of their total campaign spending, on online media advertising.
• If there are regulations that candidates cannot purchase more than a certain number of minutes per day or other limitations on the amount of online media advertising that can be purchased.
• If there is a regulation that candidates cannot spend more than a certain share of their advertising spending on any one online media outlet.

By “online media” is meant internet/online and social media.

Code “Yes” if there are any restrictions on the use of online media other than that noted in the preceding question for political parties or candidates. This can include restrictions on who advertising is made with (for example certain media companies or foreign powers), or medium for placement of advertising (for example Facebook).

Note that this question does not relate to any financial reports, statements or disclosure that political parties need to make in relation to election campaigns (such as submitting certain information before or after an election date).

Code “Yes” if there any requirements that political parties or any institution within political parties must provide certain financial information, submits reports or makes financial statements regularly (often annually). Add any details in an external comment.

Note that this question does not relate to any financial reports, statements or disclosure that political parties need to make regularly (such as annually), only such made in relation to election campaigns (such as submitting certain information before or after an election date).

Code “Yes” if there are any requirements that political parties or any institution within political parties must provide certain financial information, submit reports or make financial statements in relation to an election campaign. Add any details in an external comment.

For a definition of “third party”, see Q43.

Code “Third parties banned from participating in campaigns”, if you coded “Third parties banned from participating in campaigns” in Q43.

Code “Yes” in following cases:

• If it is stated that all of the submitted information submitted is made public, including being printed in a gazette, put on a website or made available at an office.
• If it is stated that information in reports should be made public, and no limitations are noted.
• If political parties are required to make information public themselves in whatever format.

Note in an external comment if there is a timeline when reports should be published, and if the publication format is specified (such as electronic publication).

Code “No” in following cases:

• If there are no provision that submitted financial reports is made public in political party, political finance or electoral laws (as applicable), or if a written source or expert witness states that there are no such requirements.
• If it explicitly stated that the received information will be confidential (or similar wording).

Code “No data” in following cases:

• If you code “No data” on both Q48 and Q49.
• If you judge that there may likely be regulations you have not been able to access about this issue.

Code “Sometimes” in following cases:

• If only donations above a certain value have been given or if there are other limitations to when a donor's identity must be revealed and note details in an external comment.
• If such requirements exist for candidates but not for political parties or vice versa and explain further in the comment box.

Code “No data” in following cases:

• If you code “No data” on all of Q47, 48 and 49.
• If you judge that there may likely be regulations you have not been able to access about the identity of donors.

Code “Yes” if regulations state that political parties and/or candidates in their financial reports must specify information about each item of income, or that they must submit detailed information about their income.

Provide detail in external comment if only political parties or candidates are required to include information on itemized income in their financial reports.

Code “No data” in following cases:

• If you code “No data” on all of Q49, Q50 and Q51.
• If you cannot find information.

Code “Yes” if regulations state that political parties and/or candidates in their financial reports must specify information about each item of spending, or that they must submit detailed information about their spending.

Provide detail in external comment if only political parties or candidates are required to include information on itemized spending in their financial reports.

Note which type of institution(s) that has a mandate to receive financial statements from political parties and or candidates, either regularly or in relation to elections.

Code “EMB” if it is the electoral commission or similar institution.

If more than one institution is involved, code all that apply.

Code “Not applicable” in following cases:

• If you code “No” on all of Q48, 49 and 50.
• If neither political parties nor candidates need to submit any financial reports.

Code “No data” in following cases:

• If you code “No data” on all of Q48, 49 and 50.
• Code “No data” if you cannot find information.

Note which type of institution(s) the law specifies has a mandate or obligation to review financial statements from political parties and or candidates, either regularly or in relation to elections. This can include provisions that the institution should “verify” or “control the accuracy” of the reports, or that this body should order external audits of received reports. It is likely that the answer to this question will be the same as for Q58, but only if it is clearly specified that this institution should not only receive but also review the reports.

Note which type of institution that has a mandate to investigate breaches of financial rules by political parties, candidates or other actors, either regularly or in relation to elections. Code the responsible institution if legislation states that it should investigate potential violations of political finance regulations, relating to political party or campaign finance.

Code “EMB” if it is the electoral commission or similar institution.

If more than one institution is involved, code all that apply. Provide details in an external comment (for example if one type of institution examines reports and another investigates breaches) and give the name of all institutions.

Code for the powers that the institution(s) identified in the preceding question has in examining financial reports and/or investigating breaches of political finance regulations.

Code “Refer for investigation” if the institution(s) has the right/obligation to refer cases of suspected violations to another institution (such as the police or an anti-corruption institution).

If the institution(s) has more than one power, code all that apply.

Code “No data” in following cases:

• If you code “No data” for Q56.
• If you cannot find information.

Note all types of sanctions that may be applied in case of offences related to political party or campaign finance. Multiple alternatives can be given.

Code “Fines” if a political party, candidate or other actor (such as party officials, donors or party/candidate auditors) may be given a fine or other financial penalty.