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This report delivers a comprehensive review of out-of-country campaign regulations across all 27 EU Member States. It synthesises legislative analyses, international standards and interviews to map rules on campaign events, media and public gatherings beyond national borders.

This Discussion Paper reviews the performance of 16 lobbying registers according to 3 interlinked dimensions: (a) transparency; (b) regulatory capacity; and (c) interoperability. Under ‘transparency’, the paper examines the scope of lobbying information collected by the register in question, as well as how that information is administered and subsequently disclosed.