On 29 December, Chad held legislative elections, continuing its democratic transition that began after the 2021 unconstitutional change of government that first brought to power the country’s recently elected President, Mahamat Déby. It was also Chad’s first legislative election since 2011. According to provisional results released by the elections agency (Agence nationale de gestion des élections, ANGE), Déby’s party, the Patriotic Salvation Movement (Mouvement Patriotique du Salut, MPS), won 124 of the 188 (66.0 per cent) seats in the National Assembly.

Tajikistan held elections for the Assembly of Representatives on 2 March in which the ruling People’s Democratic Party maintained control of the parliament, winning 49 of 63 seats and 52.5 per cent of votes. The Central Commission for Elections and Referendums reported 85.4 per cent turnout, a marginal decrease from 86.4 per cent in the previous election. Data on women’s representation in the new parliament was not yet available as of 7 April.

On 23 February, Germany held an early federal legislative election after the coalition government collapsed in November 2024. The conservative Christian Democratic Union parties (CDU) led by Friedrich Merz and its sister party Christian Social Union (CSU) won the elections with 28.6 per cent of votes, securing 164 of the 630 seats in the Bundestag (lower chamber). The far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) came second with 20.8 per cent of the vote (152 seats), almost doubling its support from the last elections.

On 15 February, Togo conducted its first Senate election, completing its transition to an ‘assembly independent’ political system, under constitutional reforms promulgated in 2024. Forty-one of the 61 Senators were indirectly elected by municipal and regional councillors. The remaining 20 senators were appointed by the President of the Council of Ministers, Faure Gnassingbé, on 5 March. According to Togo’s Electoral Commission, women senators will take up six of the 41 seats.

On 12 January, Comoros held parliamentary elections, with the Convention pour le Renouveau des Comores (CRC) winning 28 out of 33 seats, according to the Independent National Election Commission. Voter turnout was recorded at 66.3 per cent, compared to 70.9 per cent in 2020. Several opposition parties either boycotted the vote or rejected the results because of concerns over its transparency.

Chad held indirect Senatorial elections on 25 February, which were the first in its history and were won by President Mahamat Déby’s ruling party, the Patriotic Salvation Movement (Mouvement Patriotique du Salut, MPS).

On 7 December, former President John Dramani Mahama won Ghana’s presidential election with 56.4 per cent of the vote, defeating Vice President Mahamudu Bawumia, who secured 41.8 per cent. Voter turnout stood at 64.0 per cent, down from 79.0 per cent in 2020. The election also resulted in a strong parliamentary win for Mahama’s National Democratic Congress (NDC), which secured 186 of the 276 seats (67.4 per cent), giving it a two-thirds majority. The country will now have its first woman Vice-President, Jane Naana Opoku-Agyemang.

On 29 May, Madagascar held legislative elections for 163 members of the National Assembly, the lower chamber of the country’s parliament. According to provisional results released by the electoral commission (Madagascar’s electoral commission (Commission électorale nationale indépendante), CENI), the incumbent coalition led by President Andry Rajoelina, Together with President Andry Rajoelina (Isika rehetra miaraka amin'i Andry Rajoelina, IRMAR), won 80 seats, two short of an absolute majority in the chamber.

On 29 December, Croatia held the first round of its presidential elections, but no candidate secured a majority. A run-off will take place on 12 January. Incumbent President Zoran Milanović, backed by the Social Democratic Party (SDP), received the most votes with 49.1 per cent. Dragan Primorac, the candidate of the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) of Prime Minister Andrej Plenković, came second with 19.4 per cent and will challenge Milanović in the second round. Voter turnout was 46.0 per cent.

Belarus held a presidential election on 26 January in which incumbent Alyaksandr Lukashenka won his seventh straight term. According to the Central Election Commission, Lukashenka won 87.5 per cent of the vote on 85.7 per cent turnout, up from 84.3 per cent in the previous election. The election took place in a repressive electoral and media environment without genuine opposition candidates on the ballot. Sergei Syrankov, who finished second with 3.2 per cent of the vote, endorsed Lukashenka before the election and campaigned on his behalf.