Sri Lanka held snap parliamentary elections on 14 November, following left-leaning leader Anura Kumara Dissanayake’s presidential win in October. Dissanayake’s National People’s Power coalition secured a historic super majority in parliament with 159 out of 225 seats (70.6 per cent). This marks the most decisive victory achieved by a Sri Lankan political party since the introduction of the proportional representation system in 1978. Voter turnout was approximately 68.9 per cent, down from 75.9 per cent in the 2020 election.

India held its general elections from 19 April to 1 June, conducted over seven phases. The ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) of Prime Minister Narendra Modi won 240 seats, falling short of an outright majority, and needed to form a coalition government for the first time. The opposition INDIA alliance, led by the Indian National Congress party, secured 232 seats. Voter turnout was 65.8 per cent, down from 67.4 per cent in the 2019 election.

Chad completed a key step in its path to civilian government on 17 December when a new constitution was approved by referendum, with 85.9 per cent of those who voted (turnout was 62.9 per cent) supporting ratification. The referendum result was challenged in court by a coalition of opposition parties called the Bloc Fédéral, but the Supreme Court confirmed the official result on 29 December. The new constitution is in most regards very similar to the one that it replaces, maintaining a unitary state with a strong president.

On 27 October, snap parliamentary elections were held for the 240-seat Parliament, after June’s elections failed to produce a governing coalition. The incumbent centre-right Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria-Union of Democratic Forces (GERB-UDF) received a vote share of 26.39 per cent (69 seats). The centrist coalition, We Continue the Change-Democratic Bulgaria (PP-DB) secured 14.20 per cent of the vote (37 seats), while the ultranationalist Revival party received a vote share of 13.36 per cent (35 seats). No party gained the 121 seats needed for a majority.

On 27 October, Japan held snap elections for the House of Representatives, the lower house of parliament. Prime Minister Ishiba’s Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) lost 68 seats but remains the largest party in the House of Representatives with 191 out of 465 seats (41.1 per cent). The main opposition party, the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP), increased its representation from 96 to 148 seats (31.8 per cent). Voter turnout was 53.8 per cent, slightly down from 55.9 per cent in the previous election in 2021.

Incumbent President Kais Saied won the presidential election on 6 October, securing a second term with 90.69 per cent of the vote in the first round. He faced only two male opponents: Ayachi Zammel, the imprisoned Azimoun party leader, who received 7.35 per cent of the vote, and Zouhair Maghzaoui of the People's Movement, who garnered 1.97 per cent. The Independent High Authority for Elections (ISIE) barred three other candidates from running, despite a ruling from the Administrative Court that they be reinstated.

Lithuania held legislative elections for the 141-seat Seimas, with the first round on 13 October and a run-off on 27 October. The Social Democratic Party (LSDP) won 52 seats (19.3 per cent of the vote share), surpassing the incumbent Homeland Union-Christian Democrats of Lithuania (TS-LKD), which secured 28 seats (18.0 per cent of the vote). The Nemunas Dawn party came in third with 20 seats (15.0 per cent of the vote).

Moldova held a two-round presidential election on 20 October and 3 November. The incumbent President Maia Sandu of the Party of Action and Solidarity (PAS) led in the first round with 42.49 per cent of the vote, ahead of Alexandr Stoianoglo of the Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova (PSRM), but short of the 50 per cent threshold required to avoid a second round. Sandu won the second round with 54.34 per cent of the votes.

On 9 June, following the collapse of a nine-month coalition between the centre-right Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria-Union of Democratic Forces (GERB-UDF) and the centrist We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria (PP-DB) in March, Bulgaria held its sixth parliamentary elections since 2021. The European Parliament elections were held on the same day.

Uzbekistan held elections for the Qonunchilik palatasi, the lower house of parliament, on 27 October. The ruling Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party increased its representation in the 150-seat chamber from 53 to 64.