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Most countries that have experienced conflict have been through some form of peace or transition process. However, to prevent conflict recurring, peace and transition processes need greater capacity.

This discussion paper explores the complex realities of substate governance in fragmented, conflict-affected states, where multiple actors vie for control. It urges greater recognition of the diverse, fluid and often overlooked local governance systems that influence peace- and constitution making. 

Since the effective collapse of central authority in Somalia in 1991, local systems have provided crucial platforms for governance. Local systems of governance continue to be relevant alongside efforts to rebuild the Somali state, such as attempts to revive formal pre-1991 local government institutions. 

One of the particularities of what is currently being negotiated between Saudi Arabia and Ansar Allah is that the parties are contemplating establishing a revenue allocation mechanism in the absence of an overarching constitutional or political framework.