On 6 February 2023, with a nine-hour interval, two earthquakes measuring 7.8 and 7.5 on the Richter scale struck southern Türkiye. The earthquakes struck approximately four months before the country’s 2023 presidential and legislative elections.
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Internal pressures and advocacy for change have raised awareness and precipitated debates about the nature and need for reform processes in many Arab countries.
Such debates have drawn in a diverse range of groups articulating interests and defining their own political programmes. In this context, electoral processes, women's participation and political parties have emerged as central issues in political reform agendas in the Arab world.