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Questions
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Voter Turnout Database
Parliamentary
Voter Turnout
Total vote
Registration
VAP Turnout
Voting age population
Population
Invalid votes
Compulsory voting
Presidential
Voter Turnout
Total vote
Registration
VAP Turnout
Voting age population
Population
Invalid votes
Compulsory voting
EU Parliament
Voter Turnout
Total vote
Registration
VAP Turnout
Voting age population
Population
Invalid votes
Compulsory voting
Gender Quotas Database
General
Parliament type
Name of lower house
IPU lower house election info
Name of Upper House
IPU upper house election info
Voluntary political party quotas
Additional information about gender quotas
ACE link
Sources for gender quotas
Quota Type National Level, Single or Lower House
Single/Lower House
Quota type
Total seats
Seats held by women
Seats held by men
Constitutional quota details
Electoral law quota details
Political funding legislation quota details
Legal sanctions for non-compliance
Rank-order rules
Upper house
Quota type
Total seats
Seats held by women
Seats held by men
Constitutional quota details
Electoral law quota details
Political funding legislation quota details
Legal sanctions for non-compliance
Rank-order rules
Electoral system
Sub-National Level
Quota type
Constitutional quota details
Electoral law quota details
Political funding legislation quota details
Legal sanctions for non-compliance
Rank-order rules
Political Finance Database
Bans and limits on private income
1. Is there a ban on donations from foreign interests to political parties?
2. Is there a ban on donations from foreign interests to candidates?
3. Is there a ban on corporate donations to political parties?
4. Is there a ban on corporate donations to candidates?
5. Is there a ban on donations from Trade Unions to political parties?
6. Is there a ban on donations from Trade Unions to candidates?
7. Is there a ban on anonymous donations to political parties?
8. Is there a ban on anonymous donations to candidates?
9. Is there a ban on donations from corporations with government contracts to political parties?
10. Is there a ban on donations from corporations with government contracts to candidates?
11. Is there a ban on donations from corporations with partial government ownership to political parties?
12. Is there a ban on donations from corporations with partial government ownership to candidates?
13. Is there a ban on the use of state resources in favour or against a political party or candidate?
14. Is there a limit on the amount a donor can contribute to a political party during a non-election specific period?
15. If there is a limit on the amount a donor can contribute to a political party during a non-election specific period, what is the limit?
16. Is there a limit on the amount a donor can contribute to a political party during an election?
17. If there is a limit on the amount a donor can contribute to a political party during an election, what is the limit?
18. Is there a limit on the amount a donor can contribute to a candidate?
19. If there is a limit on the amount a donor can contribute to a candidate, what is the limit?
20. Is there a limit on the amount a candidate can contribute to their own election campaign?
21. Is there a limit on in-kind donations to political parties?
22. Is there a limit on in-kind donations to candidates?
23. Is there a ban on political parties engaging in commercial activities?
24. Is there a ban on political parties taking loans in relation to election campaigns?
25. Is there a ban on candidates taking loans in relation to election campaigns?
26. Is there a ban on donors to political parties/candidates participating in public tender/procurement processes?
27. Are there provisions requiring donations to go through the banking system?
Public funding
28. Are there provisions for direct public funding to political parties?
29. What are the eligibility criteria for political parties to receive public funding?
30. What is the allocation calculation for political parties to receive public funding?
31. What are the provisions on 'ear marking' direct public funding to political parties (how it should be used)?
32. Are there provisions for free or subsidized access to media for political parties?
33. What criteria determine allocation for free or subsidized access to media for political parties?
34. Are there provisions for free or subsidized access to media for candidates?
35. Are there provisions for any other form of indirect public funding?
36. Is the provision of direct public funding to political parties tied to gender equality among candidates?
37. Are there provisions for other financial advantages to encourage gender equality in political parties?
Regulations of spending
38. Is there a ban on vote buying?
39. Are there limits on the amount a political party can spend?
40. If there are limits on the amount a political party can spend, what is the limit?
41. Are there limits on the amount a candidate can spend?
42. If there are limits on the amount a candidate can spend, what is the limit?
43. Are there limits on the amount that third parties can spend on election campaign activities?
44. Are there limits on traditional media advertising spending in relation to election campaigns?
45. Are there limits on online media advertising spending in relation to election campaigns?
46. Do any other restrictions on online media advertisement (beyond limits) exist?
Reporting, oversight and sanctions
47. Do political parties have to report regularly on their finances?
48. Do political parties have to report on their election campaign finances?
49. Do candidates have to report on their election campaign finances?
50. Do third parties have to report on election campaign finances?
51. Is information in reports from political parties and/or candidates to be made public?
52. Must reports from political parties and/or candidates reveal the identity of donors?
53. Must reports from political parties and/or candidates include information on itemized income?
54. Must reports from political parties and/or candidates include information on itemized spending?
55. Which institution(s) receives financial reports from political parties and/or candidates?
56. Which institution(s) is responsible for examining financial reports and/or investigating violations?
57. What power is granted to the institution(s) responsible for examining reports and/or investigating violations?
58. What sanctions are provided for political finance infractions?
Electoral System Design Database
Electoral system family
Electoral system for national legislature
Number of tiers
Legislative size (directly elected)
Legislative size (voting members)
Electoral system for the president
Electoral Management Design Database
Model of electoral management
Direct Democracy Database
General
Legal provisions for mandatory referendums at national level
Legal provisions for optional referendums at national level
Legal provisions for citizens' initiatives at national level
Legal provisions for agenda initiatives at national level
Legal provisions for recall at national level
Legal provisions for direct democracy at the regional level
Legal provisions for direct democracy at the local level
Legal basis for direct democracy at the national level
Legal basis for administrative requirements at the national level
Who administers direct democracy mechanisms at the national level?
First referendum/initiative held
Has there been a national referendum since 1980?
Referendum
Issues in relation to which referendums are mandatory at the national level
Issues in relation to which referendums are optional at the national level
Issues excluded from being the subject of referendums at the national level
Issues of sub-national referendums regulated at the national level
Who can initiate an optional referendum at the national level?
Who drafts the referendum question?
Who decides on the final form of the ballot text?
Quorum requirements for a referendum to be valid
Requirements for a referendum to pass
Are referendum results binding?
Initiative
Issues that can be proposed by citizens using the initiative process at the national level
Issues excluded from being the subject of an initiative at the national level
Who may propose the registration of an initiative?
Materials to accompany an application for registration
Who determines the title of an initiative?
What disqualifies a proposed title of an initiative?
Who is responsible for checking the legality of initiatives?
At which stage legality check is conducted?
Who decides the final ballot text when the initiative is put to a vote?
When does voting take place once an initiative is qualified for ballot?
Recall
Which individuals/positions may be subject to the recall?
What are the grounds for recall?
What restrictions are there in relation to the time period in which an individual or position can be recalled?
When is the recall put to the vote?
When does the election to replace an individual who has been recalled take place?
Can an individual who is the subject of a recall stand on the ballot for his/her own replacement?
Signature collection
How many signatures are required to start the formal decision making stage of a direct democracy mechanism?
What is the deadline for collecting required number of signatures?
Restrictions in relation to the individuals who can sign the proposal
Where can proposals be signed?
What information must signatories provide when signing the proposal?
Restrictions in relation to signature collection
What forms of checks are undertaken to verify signatures?
Who checks the signatures?
Electoral Justice Database
Challenges to election results
Legislative
First instance body dealing with electoral disputes
Who may file a complaint?
Is there a legally mandated filing fee and/or deposit?
Filing fee/deposit amount (in local currency)
Maximum complaint time since occurrence or discovery
Maximum complaint time since announcement of election results
Requirement to hold a hearing
Requirement to issue reasoned decision
Possibility to appeal
What remedies are available in the first instance?
Last instance body dealing with electoral disputes
Is there a legally mandated filing fee and/or deposit in the last instance?
Filing/deposit fee amount (local currency) in the last instance
Requirement to hold a hearing in the last instance
Requirement to issue reasoned decision in the last instance
What remedies are available in the last instance?
Number of levels of adjudication
Maximum adjudication time for the full EDR process (days)
Presidential
First instance body dealing with electoral disputes
Who may file a complaint?
Is there a legally mandated filing fee and/or deposit?
Filing fee/deposit amout (in local currency)
Maximum complaint time since occurrence or discovery
Maximum complaint time since announcement of election results
Requirement to hold a hearing
Requirement to issue reasoned decision
Possibility to appeal
What remedies are available in the first instance?
Last instance body dealing with electoral disputes
Is there a legally mandated filing fee and/or deposit in the last instance?
Filing/deposit fee amount (local currency) in the last instance
Requirement to hold a hearing in the last instance
Requirement to issue reasoned decision in the last instance
What remedies are available in the last instance?
Number of levels of adjudication
Maximum adjudication time for the full EDR process (days)
Challenges related to political party and candidate nomination and registration
Legislative
First instance body dealing with electoral disputes
Who may file a complaint?
Is there a legally mandated filing fee and/or deposit?
Filing fee/deposit amout (in local currency)
Maximum complaint time since occurrence or discovery
Maximum complaint time since announcement of election results
Requirement to hold a hearing
Requirement to issue reasoned decision
Possibility to appeal
What remedies are available in the first instance?
Last instance body dealing with electoral disputes
Is there a legally mandated filing fee and/or deposit in the last instance?
Filing/deposit fee amount (local currency) in the last instance
Requirement to hold a hearing in the last instance
Requirement to issue reasoned decision in the last instance
What remedies are available in the last instance?
Number of levels of adjudication
Maximum adjudication time for the full EDR process (days)
Presidential
First instance body dealing with electoral disputes
Who may file a complaint?
Is there a legally mandated filing fee and/or deposit?
Filing fee/deposit amout (in local currency)
Maximum complaint time since occurrence or discovery
Maximum complaint time since announcement of election results
Requirement to hold a hearing
Requirement to issue reasoned decision
Possibility to appeal
What remedies are available in the first instance?
Last instance body dealing with electoral disputes
Is there a legally mandated filing fee and/or deposit in the last instance?
Filing/deposit fee amount (local currency) in the last instance
Requirement to hold a hearing in the last instance
Requirement to issue reasoned decision in the last instance
What remedies are available in the last instance?
Number of levels of adjudication
Maximum adjudication time for the full EDR process (days)
Challenges related to campaign financing
Legislative
What institution(s) has the power to impose non-criminal sanctions for campaign finance infractions?
What types of sanctions can be imposed for campaign finance infractions?
Can the imposed sanctions be appealed?
If appeal is possible, what is the competent body to hear the appeal?
Is there a legally mandated filing fee and/or deposit?
Filing fee/deposit amount (in local currency)
What is the maximum time to submit an appeal since imposition of sanctions?
Requirement to hold a hearing
Requirement to issue reasoned decision
Possibility to further appeal
What remedies are available?
Presidential
What institution(s) has the power to impose non-criminal sanctions for campaign finance infractions?
What types of sanctions can be imposed for campaign finance infractions?
Can the imposed sanctions be appealed?
If appeal is possible, what is the competent body to hear the appeal?
Is there a legally mandated filing fee and/or deposit?
Filing fee/deposit amount (in local currency)
What is the maximum time to submit an appeal since imposition of sanctions?
Requirement to hold a hearing
Requirement to issue reasoned decision
Possibility to further appeal
What remedies are available in the first instance?
Election-related criminal offences
Does the law criminalize any election-related offenses?
What type of law provides for election-related criminal offences?
Which types of election-related misconducts are regarded as criminal offences?
What penalties are envisioned for offences related to electoral fraud?
What penalties are envisioned for offences related to incentive driven voter coercion?
What penalties are envisioned for offences related to threat driven voter coercion?
What penalties are envisioned for offences related to obstructing the electoral process?
What penalties are envisioned for offences related to voter registration?
What penalties are envisioned for offences related to unlawful conduct of campaign financing?
Who carries out investigation for election-related criminal offenses?
Who prosecutes election-related criminal offences?
Voting from Abroad Database
Election type
Voting method
First year
Comments
ICTs in Elections Database
Voter registration and identification
How is the national electoral register created?
If electoral register is created by the EMB, which method is used?
If electoral register is created by the EMB, what type of technology used for collecting registration data?
If the EMB uses technology to collect voter registration data, is biometric data captured and used during registration?
Is the biometric data used in voter identification at polling stations?
Is technology used for identifying voters at polling stations (electronic poll books)?
How technology is used in relation to paper voter lists?
E-voting
Is e-voting currently used in any elections with EMB participation?
If e-voting is currently being used, what type(s) of technology used?
If e-voting is currently being used, is it taking place in controlled or uncontrolled environment?
If e-voting is currently being used, is it available for all voters or only some groups of voters?
If e-voting is NOT currently being used, what is the current status of e-voting in general?
Processing of results
Are official election results processed by an electronic tabulation system?
If official election results processed by an electronic tabulation system, at which level results are entered into an electronic tabulation system?
In the last national election, how many days did it take for the EMB to establish final results?
In the last national election, how many days did it take for the EMB to announce certified results?
Usage of open source software in election administration
Does the country use open source software in electoral processes?
What are the key reasons for or against using open source systems?
What types of open source systems have been considered or used?
Online data publication by EMBs
Does the country provide individual online voter registration/polling assignment checks?
Does the country publish the statistical overview of voter lists online?
Does the country publish full voter registers at the polling station level online?
Does the country publish full voter registers at the national level online?
Does the country publish the lists of parties and/or candidates registered for elections online?
Does the country publish the election (voting) results online?
If the country publishes the election (voting) results online, what is the level of aggregation?
If the country publishes the election (voting) results online, what is the level of detail?
If the country publishes the election (voting) results online, what is the timing of publication of results?
If the country publishes the election (voting) results online, are historical results also available?
Does the country publish seat allocation data online?
Does the country publish candidate/party financing reports online?
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Middle Africa
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Congo, Democratic Republic of
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Republic of The Congo (Brazzaville)
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Libya
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Sudan
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Niger
Nigeria
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Sierra Leone
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Americas
Caribbean
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Dominican Republic
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North Macedonia, Republic of
Portugal
San Marino
Serbia
Slovenia
Spain
Yugoslavia, FR/Union of Serbia and Montenegro
Yugoslavia, SFR (1943-1992)
Western Europe
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Nauru
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Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Aruba
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bermuda
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cayman Islands
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo, Democratic Republic of
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Cyprus (North)
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
Faroe Islands
Fiji
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Gibraltar
Greece
Greenland
Grenada
Guatemala
Guernsey
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Holy See (Vatican City State)
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Republic of
Iraq
Ireland
Isle of Man
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jersey
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea, Dem. People's Republic of
Korea, Republic of
Kosovo
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lao People's Dem. Republic
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macau
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia, Federated States of
Moldova, Republic of
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Montserrat
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
Netherlands Antilles
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Niue
North Macedonia, Republic of
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Pitcairn Islands
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Republic of The Congo (Brazzaville)
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Saint Helena
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and The Grenadines
Samoa
San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe
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Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
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Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
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State of Palestine
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Thailand
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Yugoslavia, SFR (1943-1992)
Zambia
Zimbabwe
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African Union (AU)
Angola
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Benin
Botswana
Congo, Democratic Republic of
Central African Republic
Republic of The Congo (Brazzaville)
Cote d'Ivoire
Cameroon
Cabo Verde
Djibouti
Algeria
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Gambia
Guinea
Equatorial Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Comoros
Liberia
Lesotho
Libya
Chad
Arab League (League of Arab States)
United Arab Emirates
Bahrain
Djibouti
Algeria
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Comoros
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Morocco
Mauritania
Oman
State of Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Sudan
Somalia
Syrian Arab Republic
Tunisia
Yemen
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Brunei Darussalam
Indonesia
Cambodia
Lao People's Dem. Republic
Myanmar
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Kyrgyzstan
Kazakhstan
Moldova, Republic of
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Commonwealth of Nations (Commonwealth)
Antigua and Barbuda
Australia
Barbados
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Bahamas
Botswana
Belize
Canada
Cameroon
Cyprus
Dominica
United Kingdom
Grenada
Ghana
Gambia
Guyana
India
Jamaica
Kenya
Kiribati
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Sri Lanka
Lesotho
Malta
Mauritius
Maldives
Malawi
Malaysia
Mozambique
Namibia
Nauru
Nigeria
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Pakistan
Rwanda
Solomon Islands
Seychelles
Singapore
Sierra Leone
Eswatini
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tuvalu
Tanzania, United Republic of
Uganda
Saint Vincent and The Grenadines
Vanuatu
Samoa
South Africa
Zambia
European Union (EU)
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
France
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Germany
Denmark
Estonia
Spain
Finland
United Kingdom
Greece
Croatia
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Latvia
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Sweden
Slovenia
Slovakia
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA)
Australia
Barbados
Belgium
Botswana
Canada
Switzerland
Chile
Costa Rica
Cabo Verde
Germany
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Spain
Finland
Ghana
India
Mongolia
Mauritius
Mexico
Namibia
Netherlands
Norway
Peru
Philippines
Portugal
Sweden
Uruguay
South Africa
Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Barbados
Bolivia
Brazil
Bahamas
Belize
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Haiti
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
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