For an updated list of sources related to Voter Turnout, please see Links and Resources (to be created).
Data Sources
Unless otherwise stated by way of footnote all data have been obtained directly from the country’s electoral management body (EMB) or its equivalent.
General Sources
Hunter, Brian (ed). 1996. The Statesman's Year-Book 1996-97. Macmillan. London.
Leonard, D and Richard Natkiel. 1987. World Atlas of Elections: Voting Patterns in 39 Democracies. Hoder and Stoughton. London.
Mackie, Tom and Richard Rose. 1991. The International Almanac of Electoral History. Macmillan, London.
Mackie, Tom and Richard Rose. 1997. A Decade of Elections Results: Updating the International Almanac. Centre for the Study of Public Policy, University of Strathclyde. Glasgow.
Nohlen, Dieter (ed). 1993. Handbuch der Wahldaten Lateinamerikas und der Karibik. Politische Organisation und Representation in Amerika. Band 1. Leske Budrich. Opladen.
Nohlen, Dieter. 1993. Encyclopedia Electoral Latinoamericana y del Caribe. Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos. San José.
Political Rights and Civil Liberties Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties 1976-1997. New York, Freedom House.
United Nations Human Development Report 1996. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
United Nations International Financial Yearbook. 1979 and 1994. United Nations, New York.
UNESCO Statistical Yearbook. 1996. United Nations, Paris.
The International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design. 1997. International IDEA, Stockholm.
Africa Research Bulletin.
Electoral Studies.
Elections Today. News from the International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES).
IPU Chronicle of Parliamentary Elections and Developments 1967-1997.
Databases and Internet Websites
IPU Parline Database
Political Database of the Americas
Lijphart Elections archive
Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS)
Country specific sources
Albania
The International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES) Field Office, Albania
Algeria
Embassy of Sweden, Algeria.
Angola
General Election Results, Luanda Government Printer.
Andorra
Consell General del Principat dÁndorra, Andorra.
Anguilla
Electoral Office, Anguilla.
Antigua & Barbuda
Electoral Office, Antigua & Barbuda.
Midgett, Douglas. Eastern Caribbean Elections 1950-1982. Development Series No. 13. Center for Development Studies. Institute of Urban and Regional Research. The University of Iowa.
Argentina
Camara Nacional Electoral, Argentina
www.pjn.gov.ar/cne
Armenia
IFES in Armenia
Aruba
Personal communication with Mr. Roberto M. Pablo, Chairman of the Electoral Council of Aruba.
www.visitaruba.com/facts/elections97/results.html
Australian
Australian Election Commission (AEC), Australia
www.aec.gov.au
Austria
Wahlanelägenheiten, Bundesministerium fur Inneres, Austria.
http://www.bmi.gv.at/Wahlen/bpw98.html
Azerbaijan
Central Election Commission, Azerbaijan
www.cec.gov.az
Bahamas
Parliamentary Registration Department, Ministry of National Security, Bahamas.
Bangladesh
Bangladesh Election Commission, Bangladesh www.bd-ec.org/index.php3
Information Services Network, Bangladesh.
Barbados
Electoral and Boundaries Commission, Barbados www.bgis.gov.bb
Belarus
Central Election Commission, Belarus
Belgium
Ministry of Interior, Belgium www.belgium.fgov.be
Belize
Elections and Boundaries Department, Ministry of the Public Service, Labour and Civil Society, Belize wwwbelize-elections.org
Benin
Commission Electorale Nationale Autonome (CENA), Benin.
Bolivia
Corte Nacional Electoral, Bolivia www.bolivian.com/cne
Bosnia and Herzegovina
University of Essex, Department of Government, United Kingdom www.essex.ac.uk/elections
The OSCE mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina www.oscebih.orgelections/eng/elections
http://www.oscebih.org/RSresults.htm
Botswana
Report on the General Elections 1969, 1974, 1984, 1989, 1994 Gaborone Government Printer.
Independent Electoral Commission of Botswana www.gov.bw/elections
Brazil
Tribunal Superieo Electoral, Brazil www.tse.gov.br
Bulgaria
Central Electoral Commission, Bulgaria www.parliament.bg
Burkina Faso
Commission Electorale Nationale Independente, Burkina Faso www.ceni.bf
Embassy of Burkina Faso in Germany.
Burma/Myanmar
Silverstein, Josef. "Politics Parties and National Elections in Burma." in Far Eastern Survey, Dec. 1956, Vol. 25, no.12.
Cambodia
Electoral Commission, Pohnpei State Government, Cambodia.
The Asia Foundation, Cambodia.
National Election Commission Media Centre.
Cameroon
Prime Minister's Office, Cameroon.
Electoral Commission of Cameroon. Official Report on Presidential Election, 1992.
Forje, John W. 1971. The Evolution from Multi to One Party Structure in Cameroon, Lund University. Lund.
Canada
Elections Canada, Canada www.elections.ca
Cape Verde
National Electoral Commission, Cape Verde.
Central African Republic
United Nations Development Programme www.undp.org
Chad
United Nations Development Programme www.undp.org
Chile
Servicio Electoral de Chile, Chile www.servel.cl
Colombia
Consejo Nacional Electoral, Colombia.
http://www.registraduria.gov.co/e.../presidente/primera/colombia.html
Comoros Islands
Moindjie, Hassan. 1991. Narration Electorale. Une histoire des elections presidentielles des 18 fevrier, 4 et 11 mars 1990, Moroni, Comoros.
Cook Islands
Electoral Office, Cook Islands.
Costa Rica
Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones, Costa Rica.
Embassy of Costa Rica in Norway
Côte d'Ivoire
The United Nationa Development Programme www.undp.org
Croatia
Election Commission of Croatia, Croatia www.izbori.hr
Embassy of the Republic of Croatia in Sweden
Cyprus
Cyprus Electoral Service, Ministry of Interior, Cyprus.
Washington Times February 15, 1993. Embassy of Cyprus in Stockholm.
Mr. George Theodorou, Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Interior, Cyprus.
Czech Republic
Department of the General Administration, Ministry of Interior, Czech Republic www.volby.cz
Denmark
Ministry of the Interioe, Denmark www.inm.dk
Djibouti
International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES), United States www.ifes.org .
Dominica
Office of the Clerk, House of Assembly, Dominica.
Dominican Republic
Junta Central Electoral, http//www.jce.do
Ecuador
Embassy of Ecuador, Stockholm.
Tribunal Supremo Electoral, Ecuador 1996.
Boletin Electoral Latinoamericano, No. 44, 1992. Tribunal Supremo Electoral, Quito 1992.
Egypt
Embassy of Egypt, Sweden.
El Salvador
Tribunal Supremo Electoral, El Salvador www.tse.gob.sv
Equatorial Guinea
United Nationa Development Programme (UNDP) www.undp.org .
Estonia
Riigikogu Valimine, Estonia www.vvk.ee .
Ethiopia
Ethiopia Election Commission Bulletin 1992.
An Evaluation of the June 21, 1992 Elections in Ethiopia, National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, Washington DC.
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Höpken, Wolfgang. "Elections in Yugoslavia" in Furtak (ed.) 1990. Elections in Socialist States Harvester, New York
Fiji
Office of the Supervisor of Elections, Fiji.
Chand, Ganesh. 1994. Public Choice, Representation and the 1994 Fiji Election.
Fiji Institute of Applied Research.
Fiji Republic Gazette 14 March, 1994 and 22 July, 1992.
Finland
Ministry of Justice, Finland www.om.fi .
France
Conseil Constitutionnel, France.
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Central Electoral Commission, Georgia www.cec.gov.ge
Germany
Der Bundeswahlleiter, Germany www.destatis.de/wahlen .
Ghana
Electoral Commission of Ghana. 1992. Public Relations Department. Overseas Information Division.
Greece
Embassy of the Hellenic Republic, Sweden.
Ministry of Interior, Greece.
Grenada
Parliamentary Elections Office, Grenada www.spiceisle.com/elections99/electora
Guatemala
Tribunal Supremo Electoral, Guatemala www.tse.org.gt
Guinea
United Nations Development Programme, (UNDP) www.undp.org
Guinea-Bissau
United Nations Development Programme, (UNDP) www.undp.org
Guyana
United Nations Development Programme, (UNDP) www.undp.org
Haiti
Organisation of American States (OAS) United States www.oas.org
The 1990 General Elections in Haiti. National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. Washington D.C.
Honduras
Tribunal Nacional de Elecciones, Honduras
Hungary
Secretariat for the Association for Central and Eastern European Electoral Officicals (ACEEEO) www.aceeeo.com
Central Data Processing, Registration and Election Office, Ministry of Interior, Hungary www.election.hu
Iceland
Ministry of Justice, Iceland www.brunnur.stjr.is/interpro/dkm/dkm.nsf/pages/english
India
Election Commission of India, India www.eci.gov.in
Butler, David, Ashok Lahiri, and Roy, Prannoy. 1995. India Decides. Elections 1952-1995. Books and Things. New Dehli
Indonesia
Indonesian Electoral Commission (KPU), Indonesia.
Ireland
Ministry of Environment and Local Governance, Ireland www.environ.ie
The Association of Returning Officers and Electoral Administrators of Ireland.
Israel
The editors of the Knesset Website, Israel www.knesset.gov.il/elections01/eindex
Italy
Department for Political Science and Sociology, University of Florence (DISPO), Florence www.unifi.it
Jamaica
General Election Results. Jamaican Electoral Office. Kingston, Government Printer.
Japan
International Affairs Division for Local Authorities, Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications, Japan.
Kazakhstan
International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES), United States www.ifes.org .
Kenya
Electoral Commission of Kenya, Kenya wwwkenyaweb.com/politics/electoral
General Elections Results 1992. Nairobi, Government Printer.
Kiribati
Electoral Office, Ministry of Home Affairs and Rural Development, Kiribati.
Report on the Election of the Republic of Kiribati held on 4 May, 1982. Ministry of Home Affairs, Republic of Kiribati.
Korea (Republic of)
http://www.koreanpolitics.com/1997/election/front.html
Latvia
Central Electoral Commission, Latvia www.saeima.lanet.lv/cvsetv
Lebanon
Lebanese Center for Policy Studies, Lebanon www.lcps-lebanon.org/resc/democ
Lesotho
Independent Electoral Commission, Lesotho.
Southall, R and Petlane, T (eds.). 1995. Democratisation and Demilitarisation in Lesotho the General Election of 1993 and its aftermath. Colorpress, Pretoria.
Liechtenstein
Ministry of Justice, Liechtenstein.
1996 Statistisches Jahrbuch. Fürstentum Liechtenstein Amt für Volkswirtschaft.
Lithuania
Central Election Committee, Lithuania www.lrs.lt/rinkimai
Inter-Parliamentary Union, Geneva www.ipu.org
The Database of the Central Electoral Committee.
Luxembourg
Chambre des Deputes, Luxembourg.
Madagascar
Embassy of Madagascar in Bonn. Embassy of the Republic of Madagascar, Washington DC.
Malawi
Electoral Commission, Malawi.
1994 General Election Results, Blantyre, Government Printer. WNO Elections in Developing Countries.
Malaysia
Electoral Commission of Malaysia www.spr.gov.my
Maldives
Office of the Commissioner of Elections, Maldives.
Mali
Ministère de l'administration Territoriale et des Collectivites Locales, Mali.
IFES in Mali. Mr. Ali Y. Alwahti at IFES in Washington DC.
Maldives
General Election Results 1994. Government of Maldives.
Malta
Electoral Office, Malta.
Mauritius
Elections Commission, Mauritius.
General Election Results. Government of Mauritius, Electoral Commissioners Office, Port Louis.
Mauritania
Mexico
Federal Electoral Institute, Mexico.
Micronesia
National Electoral Commission, Federated States of Micronesia.
Office of the National Election Director, Federated States of Micronesia, March 12, 1995.
Moldova
International Foundation for Election Systems in Moldova www.ifes.org
Monaco
Parliament of Monaco, Monaco.
Mongolia
Parliament of Mongolia, Mongolia www.parl.gov.mn
Inter-Parliamentary Union, Geneva www.ipu.org
Morocco
National Democratic Institute, Morocco www.ndi.org/worldwide/mena/morocco/morocco.asp
Mozambique
Secretariado Tecnico de Administracão Eleitoral (STAE), Mozambique.
Namibia
Electoral Commission of Namibia, Namibia.
General Election Results 1994. Windhoek, Government Printer.
Nauru
Returning Officer of Nauru and Secretary of State, Government of Nauru, Nauru.
Government Gazette, Republic of Nauru, No. 66, Nov., 1995. No. 6 Jan. 1971. No. 58 Dec. 1973. No. 81, Nov. 1977.
Nepal
Election Commission of Nepal, Nepal www.election-commission.org.np
General Election in Nepal 1991. Election Commission, Kathmandu.
Netherlands
National Election Board, Netherlands.
New Zealand
Electoral Commission, New Zealand www.elections.org/nz/elections
Nicaragua
Consejo Supremo Electoral, Nicaragua www.cse.gob.ni
Niger
Inter-Parliamentary Union, Geneva www.ipu.org .
Coordinating Observers to the 1993 Elections in Niger. National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, Washington DC.
Nigeria Report on the Nigeria Federal Elections December 1959.
Campbell, Ian. "Nigeria's Failed Transition: The 1993 Presidential Election." in the Journal of Contemporary African Studies.
Nigeria
Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), Nigeria.
Norway
Ministry of Local Governance and Regional Development, Norway.
Pakistan
Election Commission of Pakistan, Pakistan.
Palau
Office of the Election Commission, Palau.
Panama
Tribunal Electoral, panama www.tribunal-electoral.gob.pa
Papau New Guinea
Ben Reilly, Electoral Engineering in Divided Societies Papua New Guinea in a Comparative Perspective. PhD Thesis, Australian National University.
Electoral Commissioner 1997, Report to the Sixth Parliament on the 1997 National Election, PNG Electoral Commission, Boroko.
Paraguay
Tribunal Superior de Justicia Electoral, Paraguay www.tsje.gov.py .
Peru
Transparencia, Peru www.transparencia.org
Philippines
Human Development Report, UNDP Makati, 1994.
Poland
National Electoral Office, Poland.
Portugal
Secretariado Tecnico para Assuntos para o Processo Eleitoral (STAPE), Portugale www.stape.pt .
Romania
Central Electoral Bureau, Romania www.kappa.ro/guv/bec/ceb96
Russia
Central Election Commission, Russia www.fci.ru
Rwanda
Commission Electorale Nationale, Rwanda.
San Marino
Ufficio Comunicazione Istituzionale e Relazioni con il Pubblico (UCIRP), State Office for Elections, Ministry for Internal Affairs, San Marino www.elezioni.sm
Sao Tomé and Principe
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Sap Tome e Principe.
Senegal
Interview with Mr. Momar Diop, Senior Programme Officerat the Capacity Building Division, International IDEA.
Hayward, Fred M.(ed.) 1987. Elections in Independent Africa, Westview Press, London.
Villalon, L.A. "Democratising a (quasi) democracy: The Senegalese elections of 1993," in African Affairs Vol. 93, No. 371, April 1994.
Seychelles
Electoral Commission, Seychelles.
Sierra Leone
National Electoral Commission, Sierra Leone.
Report on the Work of the Interim National Electoral Commission (INEC) 1994-1996, Freetown, December 1996.
Institute of Commonwealth Studies. Report on the Sierra Leone General Election 1957. The Sierra Leone Gazette. Vol. XCIX. April, 1968.
Singapore
Elections Department, Government of Singapore www.gov.sg/pmo/elections/index.
Slovakia
Parliamentary Institute, Chancellery of the National Council of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia www.nrsr.sk .
Slovenia
Inter-Parliamentary Union, Geneva www.ipu.org .
Solomon Islands
Electoral Commission, Solomon Islands.
South Africa
Independent Electoral Commission, South Africa www.elections.org.za
General Election Results 1994. Pretoria, Government Printer.
Spain
Ministry of Interior, Spain www.mir.es
Sri Lanka
Department of Elections, Elections Secretariat, Sri Lanka.
General Election Results. Colombo, Government Printer.
WNO Elections in Developing Countries.
Selbourne, David. The Sri Lankan Elections, Oct.-Dec. 1982.
de Silva, K.M. (ed.) 1993. Sri Lanka. Problems of Governance. Konark, New Dehli.
Dissanayaka T.D.S.A. 1994 The Politics of Sri Lanka (vol. 2.).
Report on the First Presidential Election in Sri Lanka. Department of Government Printing, Colombo. 1993.
St. Kitts & Nevis
Electoral Office, St. Kitts & Nevis.
St.Lucia
Electoral Department, Government of St. Lucia.
St. Vincent & the Grenadines
Electoral Office, St. Vincent & the Grenadines.
Suriname
Technical State Commission Election 2000, Suriname.
OAS Unit for the Promotion of Democracy. Electoral Observation Mission Suriname 1996.
Sweden
Electoral Unit of the Swedish Taxboard (from July 2001 the Election Commission), Sweden www.val.se
Switzerland
Section of Political Rights, Swiss Federal Chancery, Switzerland www.admin.ch/ch/d/pore/index
Taiwan, Republic of China
Central Election Commission, Taipei, Taiwan wwwcec.gov.tw .
Tajikistan
Inter-Parliamentary Union, Switzerland, www.ipu.org .
Tanzania
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Tanzania www.undp.org .
Thailand
Inter-Parliamentary Union, www.ipu.org .
Taylor, R.H. (ed.). 1996. The Politics of Elections in Southeast Asia. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Tonga
The Supervisor of Elections, Prime Minister's Office, Tonga.
Trinidad & Tobago
Electoral Office, Trinidad & Tobago.
Tunisia
Embassy of Tunisia, Sweden.
Embassy of Sweden, Tunisia.
Turkey
Inter-Parliamentary Union, Geneva, www.ipu.org .
Tuvalu
Electoral Office, Tuvalu.
Tuvalu Newssheet No. 141, 18 Sept. 1981.
Uganda
Election Commission, Uganda.
General Election Results. Government printer, Kampala, 1996.
Ukraine
Central Electoral Commission.
Committee of Voters of Ukraine, www.cvu.ukrpack.net .
United Kingdom
UK Independent Electoral Commission, www.electoralcommission.co.uk .
Uruguay
Corte Electoral, Uruguay.
USA
Federal Election Commission, www.fec.gov .
Washington Post, Nov 6, 1996.
Uzbekistan
International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES), United States, www.ifes.org .
OSCE Report "Presidential Elections and Independence Referendums in the Baltic States: The Soviet Union and Successor States," Washington DC. August 1992.
Vanuatu
Vanuatu Electoral Commission Reports 1983, 1995.
Vanuatu Electoral Commission.
Venezuela
Consejo Nacional Electoral, Venezuela, www.cne.gov.ve .
Western Samoa
Office of the Clerk of teh Legislative Assembly, Western Samoa.
The Western Samoa Gazette, Vol. III, No. 43 1961.
Yemen
Transparency Yemen, Yemen, www.transparencyyemen.org.ye .
Zambia
Electoral Office, Zambia.
1991 and 1996 Presidential and Parliamentary Election Provisional Official Election Results. Lusaka, Government Printer.
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe Election Support Network, Zimbabwe, www.zesn.org.zw .
General Election Results 1980, 1985, 1990, Harare Government Printer.
Parliamentary Human Rights Group Free and Fair? The 1979 Rhodesian Election. London, 1979.
