Introduction
Preface
Foreword
Overview
The Need for this Handbook
The Aims of the Handbook
How to Use the Handbook
Analysis
Process
Outcome
Sustainability
Case Studies
Tools
Sources and Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: THE CHANGING NATURE OF CONFLICT AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
1.1 Characteristics of Deep-Rooted Conflict
1.1.1 Identity-driven, emotionally charged
1.1.2 Beyond borders
1.2 New Tools for Conflict Management
1.3 The Importance of Democratic Institutions
1.4 Democracy and Conflict Management
1.5 Addressing the Real Causes of Conflict
1.6 Process and Outcome
1.7 Maximizing Women's Participation
1.8 Short- and Long-Term Planning
Chapter 2. ANALYSING DEEP-ROOTED CONFLICT
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Conflict as Both Positive and Negative
2.3 Patterns of Deep-Rooted Conflict
2.4 National and International Factors in Deep-Rooted Conflict
2.4.1 Decolonization
2.4.2 End of the Cold War
2.4.3 The state in crisis
2.5 Difficulties in Managing Identity-Related Conflicts
2.5.1 Indivisibility
2.5.2 Escalation
2.5.3 Leadership
2.6 Analysing Conflict
2.7 Factors for Analysis
2.8 Analytic Lenses
2.8.1 The conflict triangle
2.8.2 Stages of escalation
2.9 Conclusion
Chapter 3: NEGOTIATION PROCESSES
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Key Issues in Process Design
3.2.1 Commonly perceived deadlock
3.2.2 Seizing opportunities
3.2.3 The importance of trust
3.2.4 Flexibility
3.3 Pre-Negotiation
3.3.1 The pre-negotiation agenda
3.4 Developing a Specific Negotiation Process
3.4.1 Participants
3.4.2 Preconditions and barriers to negotiations
3.4.3 Levelling the playing-field
3.4.4 Resourcing the negotiations
3.4.5 The form of negotiations
3.4.6 Venue and location
3.4.7 Communication and information exchange
3.4.8 Setting the agenda
3.4.9 Managing the proceedings
3.4.10 Timeframes
3.4.11 Decision-making
3.5 Basic Techniques for Negotiation
3.5.1 Promote confidence building between the parties
3.5.2 Promote clarity
3.5.3 Promote understanding
3.5.4 Promote movement
3.6 Tools to Break Deadlock
3.6.1 Coalition building
3.6.2 Unofficial channels
3.6.3 Subgroups
3.6.4 Shuttle mediation
3.6.5 Proximity talks
3.6.6 Referendums, consultations and mandates
3.6.7 Unofficial supplements to negotiation
3.7 Third-Party Assistance
3.7.1 Introduction
3.7.2 Types of intervention
3.7.3 Official and unofficial intervention
3.8 Conclusion
Chapter 4: DEMOCRATIC LEVERS FOR CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Democratic Levers: An Introduction
4.1 Power-Sharing Democracy: An Overview
4.1.1 Preventing or escaping deep-rooted conflict
4.1.2 Differences in approach
4.1.3 Promoting power sharing
4.1.4 When can power sharing succeed?
4.2 The Structure of the State: Federalism and Autonomy
4.2.1 Means of devolving power
4.2.2 International regional organizations
4.2.3 Examples of federalism and autonomy
4.2.4 The legal basis for autonomy
4.2.5 The advantages of federalism and autonomy solutions
4.2.6 Resistance to federalism and autonomy
4.2.7 Structuring autonomy arrangements
4.3 Executive Type: Presidentialism versus Parliamentarism
4.3.1 Parliamentary systems
4.3.2 Presidentialism
4.3.3 Semi-presidentialism
4.3.4 Conclusion
4.4 Electoral Systems for Divided Societies
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Electoral systems and conflict management
4.4.3 Needs of transitional and consolidated democracies
4.5 Legislatures for Post-Conflict Societies
4.5.1 Introduction
4.5.2 Elections and members
4.5.3 Internal features
4.5.4 Sources of power: executives and political parties
4.5.5 One or two chambers?
4.5.6 Conclusion
4.6 Human Rights Instruments
4.6.1 Introduction
4.6.2 Instruments dealing with religious and ethnic persecution
4.6.3 Specific instruments to protect minorities
4.6.4 Protecting women's rights
4.6.5 Recent initiatives
4.6.6 Conclusion
4.7 Language Policy for Multi-Ethnic Societies
4.7.1 Why does language policy matter?
4.7.2 Assimilation or pluralism
4.7.3 Advantages of language pluralism
4.7.4 Potential drawbacks
4.7.5 Language boards
4.7.6 Comparative lessons
4.8 National Conferences
4.8.1 Introduction
4.8.2 What is a national conference?
4.8.3 Objectives of a national conference
4.8.4 Implementation
4.8.5 Impact
4.9 Transitional Justice
4.9.1 Policies for coping with the past
4.9.2 The case for prosecution and/or lustration
4.9.3 The case against punishment
4.9.4 Constraints
4.9.5 Conclusions
4.10 Reckoning for Past Wrongs: Truth Commissions and War Crimes Tribunals
Truth Commissions
4.10.1 Description
4.10.2 Tasks and activities
4.10.3 Strengths and limitations
4.10.4 Organization
War Crimes Tribunals
4.10.5 Description
4.10.6 Tasks and activities
4.10.7 Strengths and limitations
4.10.8 Organization
4.10.9 Conclusion
4.11 Building an Electoral Administration
4.11.1 The nature of the electoral process
4.11.2 Critical factors in election administration
4.11.3 The functions of an electoral administration
4.11.4 The location of an electoral body
4.11.5 Fears and concerns
4.11.6 Conclusion
4.12 National Machinery for Gender Equality
4.12.1 Constitutional mechanisms
4.12.2 Executive and administrative structures
4.12.3 Ministries for women's affairs
4.12.4 Ministry for Gender and Community Development: The case of Uganda
4.12.5 The Office of the Status of Women: The case of Australia and South Africa
4.12.6 Gender desks/focal points in line ministries
4.12.7 National machinery in the legislature
4.12.8 Successes and failures of the national machinery
4.12.9 Conclusion
Chapter 5: SUSTAINING THE DEMOCRATIC SETTLEMENT
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basic Principles
5.2.1 Transparency
5.2.2 Accountability
5.2.3 Participation
5.3 Issues and Concerns
5.3.1 Monitoring and evaluation
5.3.2 Waning commitment of actors
5.3.3 Lack of resources and capacity
5.3.4 Deteriorating economy and development
5.3.5 Implementation delays
5.3.6 Undermining fundamental rights and freedoms
5.3.7 Usurpation
5.3.8 Corruption and nepotism
5.3.9 Maladministration
5.3.10 Levels of safety and security
5.3.11 Checks and balances
5.4 International Dimensions
CONCLUSION
CASE STUDIES
South Africa
Northern Ireland
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Bougainville
Fiji
Sri Lanka
National Conferences in Francophone Africa
Guatemala
The Commission for Gender Equality in South Africa
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